A Question of ‘Government’ Control: Afghanistan DDR Programs Since 2001

Since the fall of the Taliban in late 2001, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA), the United States, the United Nations, and the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) have funded and led three different Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) programs. Despite a significant investment in time and treasure, all of them have failed to significantly reduce the number of insurgents or arbaki (militia). This article explores why these programs failed despite incorporating ideas from the prominent DDR schools of thought. Utilizing Stathis Kalyvas’ theory of The Logic of Violence in Civil War as a lens, this article argues that GIRoA and ISAF did not have sufficient control of territory to entice insurgents or arbaki to reconcile and/or reintegrate with the government. Further, in areas GIRoA nominally controlled in northern and western Afghanistan, regional powerbrokers who controlled these areas balked at these programs.     

The politics of international chemical weapon justice: The case of Syria, 2011–2017

There has been near-universal condemnation of the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian conflict. The international community has nevertheless struggled to make progress on holding the perpetrators to account. This article reviews developments at the international level in terms of Syrian chemical weapon justice between 2011 and 2017. It argues that there have been substantive disagreements between states on the rationale and means of justice in the Syrian case. It also argues that international initiatives have been tightly intertwined with developments in chemical disarmament and conflict resolution processes as well as the broader war. The article describes progress and challenges to chemical weapon justice in a number of distinct formal international mechanisms during the period studied. The analysis concludes by contextualizing international responses—including the U.S. tomahawk strikes against a Syrian airbase—to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attacks of April 2017.     

The interaction between local and international power in EU police reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina

ABSTRACT

This article explores the interaction between local and international power structures in EU peacebuilding. While citizens in a state only face order from one authority (the state), local actors in a peacebuilding context are subject to orders from two institutions (the domestic state and the peacebuilding mission). This article explores the nature of interactions of these two institutions and their effect on local police officers’ compliance and resistance. Specifically, it analyzes the example of the police restructuring process in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It demonstrates that the choices of local officers to comply or resist depended on whether the interactions between the EU Police Mission and the local police organization were positive and mutually supportive, or whether they were competitive and contradictory. The findings of the article contribute to the debates on the role of local power and the importance of local legitimacy in peacebuilding.     

Clinical Characterization of Insomnia among Veterans with PTSD: Identifying Risk Factors for Diagnosis and Treatment with Sedative-Hypnotics

Abstract

Insomnia is prevalent among Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it exacerbates PTSD symptoms, and it contributes to impaired functioning and quality of life. To improve treatment outcomes, it is important to identify risk factors for insomnia and sedative-hypnotic use. Classification and regression trees and logistic regression models were used to identify variables associated with insomnia or sedative-hypnotic use. Key findings include low insomnia diagnosis rates (3.5–5.6%) and high rates of sedative-hypnotics (44.2–49.0%). Younger Veterans and those without a breathing-related sleep disorder (BRSD) were more likely to receive an insomnia diagnosis. Veterans with greater service connection and those with an alcohol/substance use disorder were more likely to be prescribed sedative-hypnotics. Interaction terms may have identified potential groups at risk of being under-diagnosed with insomnia (i.e. non-black Veterans with psychiatric co-morbidity, black Veterans without psychiatric co-morbidity) as well as groups at risk for sedative-hypnotic use (i.e. younger Veterans without BRSD). In sum, Veterans with PTSD have high rates of sedative-hypnotic use despite minimal evidence they are effective. This is counter to recommendations indicating behavioral interventions are the first-line treatment. Policy changes are needed to reduce use of sedative-hypnotics and increase access to behavioral insomnia interventions.     

What Is Known About Defence Research And Development Spill-Overs?

This article surveys the body of available evidence regarding the spill-over effects of defence R&D. It reviews the routes through which defence R&D spills over to the economy with positive externalities – in terms of new products, technologies or processes; the barriers that impede or block such a process; potential negative repercussions, and the measure of such effects. The main conclusion is that the uncertainty of these effects, and the inaccurate appraisal of their value, hardly supports informed decisions concerning defence R&D policies.     

基于ACE Streams框架的舰船综合电子仿真系统设计

软件构件具有良好的功能封装性及接口规范性,在增强软件的可移植性和提高复用率等方面意义重大。在舰船综合电子仿真系统开发过程中,通过引入ACE Streams框架的技术,有效地降低了软件各层次间的耦合度,增强了数据的传输处理能力,固化了该系统的通信机制。     

基于SINS/GPS组合导航的AUV半实物仿真系统设计(英文)

为了满足水下航行远航程和长时间的要求,远航程自主水下航行器(AUV)采用的是以SINS导航为主、卫星导航定期修正的方式,以提高导航的精度和可靠性.设计一种采用GPS卫星定位导航模拟器、GPS接收机、惯性测量器件(IMU)和实时仿真计算机构成的采用SINS/GPS组合导航方式的AUV导航半实物仿真系统,并对该系统的硬件接口设计、算法和软件开发进行了论述.所开发的系统通过外部的线运动补偿实现了惯性导航系统的完整计算,通过时间同步策略解决了各导航子系统的并行同步问题.部分仿真试验的结果表明,所设计的半实物仿真系统方案可行,可用于更高置信度的AUV组合导航仿真实验.     

在交叉学科研究中创新指挥与控制

用辩证唯物论的观点,阐述了指挥与控制复杂科学的产生背景、研究对象与方法,以及在相关领域的应用前景,并就如何在学科交叉、渗透、融合中开展指挥与控制这一新兴学科研究提出了建议.     

运动目标轨迹分类与识别

运动目标轨迹识别是运动分析中的基本问题,其目的是解释所监视场景中发生的事件,对所监视场景中运动目标轨迹的行为模式进行分析与识别,智能地做出自动分类.对轨迹有效性判断后采用K均值聚类,引入改进的隐马尔可夫模型算法,针对轨迹的复杂程度对各个轨迹模式类建立相应的隐马尔可夫模型,利用训练样本训练模型得到可靠的模型参数,计算测试样本对于各个模型的最大似然概率,选取最大概率值对应的轨迹模式类作为轨迹识别的结果,对两种场景中聚类后的轨迹进行训练与识别,平均识别率较高,实验结果表明该方法是有效的.     

基于免疫粒子群算法的自抗扰飞行控制器设计

提出了一种基于免疫粒子群优化算法的自抗扰大包线飞行控制器设计方法.针对传统的增益调参设计方法存在的工作量巨大与设计效率低的问题,利用自抗扰控制器进行大包线飞行控制器设计,并推导了适用于该方法的飞机非线性方程.由于自抗扰控制能够动态补偿对象模型的内扰和外扰,因此在很大的飞行区域内仅需一套控制器便可,从而避免了烦琐复杂的增益调参设计过程,并用免疫粒子群优化算法对自抗扰控制器参数进行了优化研究.仿真结果表明,所设计的自抗扰控制器具有优良的控制性能,并且控制器参数在较大的包线范围内不需要改变,从而简化了大包线飞行控制器设计.