复合固体推进剂颗粒填充模型及其统计特性分析

复合固体推进剂属于高填充比颗粒类复合材料,氧化剂和金属颗粒在基体中的随机分布使其在细观尺度具有非均质的特点。从细观尺度研究固体推进剂燃烧及力学性能时,必须考虑颗粒级配、空间分布和种类等因素的影响。采用分子动力学方法,以硝酸酯增塑聚醚高能复合固体推进剂为研究对象,将固体颗粒模型化为球形,生成其在基体内随机分布的颗粒填充模型。利用Monte-Carlo算法模拟计算颗粒填充模型细观结构的两点概率函数,并研究了颗粒填充体积分数、尺寸与级配等参数对其的影响规律。从统计意义上给出具有各态历经性、统计均匀性和各向同性特点的颗粒填充构型最小周期性代表体元尺寸,可有效减小后续研究的计算量,节约计算成本。所构建的推进剂细观几何构型及对最小周期性代表体元尺寸的计算为后续开展复合固体推进剂细观尺度燃烧、燃面处铝团聚及力学性能数值研究奠定了基础。     

An efficient and modular modeling for launch dynamics of tubed rockets on a moving launcher

This paper develops a modular modeling and efficient formulation of launch dynamics with marching fire (LDMF) using a mixed formulation of the transfer matrix method for multibody systems (MSTMM) and Newton-Euler formulation. Taking a ground-borne multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS), the focus is on the launching subsystem comprising the rocket, flexible tube, and tube tail. The launching subsystem is treated as a coupled rigid-flexible multibody system, where the rocket and tube tail are treated as rigid bodies while the flexible tube as a beam with large motion. Firstly, the tube and tube tail can be elegantly handled by the MSTMM, a computationally efficient order-N formulation. Then, the equation of motion of the in-bore rocket with relative kinematics w.r.t. the tube using the Newton-Euler method is derived. Finally, the rocket, tube, and tube tail dynamics are coupled, yielding the equation of motion of the launching subsystem that can be regarded as a building block and further integrated with other subsystems. The deduced dynamics equation of the launching subsystem is not limited to ground-borne MLRS but also fits for tanks, self-propelled artilleries, and other air-borne and naval-borne weapons undergoing large motion. Numerical simulation results of LDMF are given and partially verified by the experiment.     

Noise and vibration measurements in a Viking military vehicle

Noise and whole-body vibration measurements were made in a Viking military vehicle to determine the variation that should be expected during repeat measures, the effect of speed (up to 60 km/h in 5 km/h increments), and during travel over different types of terrain (comprising concrete road, gravel track and rough cross-country). Measurements were made at various crew positions (including the driver and commander) in both the front and the rear cabs in the vehicles. Three translational axes of vibration were measured in each seat. Two speeds were investigated over road (35 km/h and 55–60 km/h) and gravel (20 km/h and 35 km/h) surfaces. The effect of varying speed of the vehicle on the measured noise and vibration magnitudes was also investigated. The highest sound pressure level (L_Aeq) of 104 dB(A) was measured at the commander’s standing position during travel over concrete road at 55 km/h. Higher noise levels occurred for a standing commander compared with when sitting on the seat. A maximum single axis frequency-weighted vibration magnitude of 1.0 m/s² r.m.s. was measured on the driver’s seat during travel over track at 35 km/h. Higher vibration magnitudes occurred during travel over track compared with travel over road. Both noise and vibration exposure of crew within the Viking vehicle increased with increasing speed of the vehicle.     

【专题】从系统工程视角看无人机自主控制系统

提升无人机的自主控制能力可有效提高无人机在复杂对抗环境下的作战性能。系统工程是指导复杂系统研制的有效手段,采用系统的思维方法,关注系统的整体效能优化实现。系统工程覆盖复杂工程型号生命周期的全流程活动,包括概念论证、工程开发、生产制造、使用服役、综合保障以及系统退出等过程,能够为系统开发中各工程技术的应用,跨专业工程合作以及项目管理建立切实的技术路径。无人机外部应用背景环境与内部体系结构相互交联,是一个典型的“系统之系统”（System of Systems）。无人机自主控制系统是跨域、跨平台的复杂“系统之系统”。本文从系统复杂性出发,介绍了无人机系统组成、自主控制系统以及无人机自主能力等级,以期为无人机自主控制技术的发展提供参考和借鉴。     

Recent advances in catalytic combustion of AP-based composite solid propellants

Composite solid propellants (CSPs) have widely been used as main energy source for propelling the rockets in both space and military applications. Internal ballistic parameters of rockets like characteristic exhaust velocity, specific impulse, thrust, burning rate etc., are measured to assess and control the performance of rocket motors. The burn rate of solid propellants has been considered as most vital parameter for design of solid rocket motors to meet specific mission requirements. The burning rate of solid propellants can be tailored by using different constituents, extent of oxidizer loading and its particle size and more commonly by incorporating suitable combustion catalysts. Various metal oxides (MOs), complexes, metal powders and metal alloys have shown positive catalytic behaviour during the com-bustion of CSPs. These are usually solid-state catalysts that play multiple roles in combustion of CSPs such as reduction in activation energy, enhancement of rate of reaction, modification of sequences in reaction-phase, influence on condensed-phase combustion and participation in combustion process in gas-phase reactions. The application of nanoscale catalysts in CSPs has increased considerably in recent past due to their superior catalytic properties as compared to their bulk-sized counterparts. A large surface-to-volume ratio and quantum size effect of nanocatalysts are considered to be plausible reasons for improving the combustion characteristics of propellants. Several efforts have been made to produce nanoscale combustion catalysts for advanced propellant formulations to improve their energetics. The work done so far is largely scattered. In this review, an effort has been made to introduce various combustion catalysts having at least a metallic entity. Recent developments of nanoscale combustion catalysts with their specific merits are discussed. The combustion chemistry of a typical CSP is briefly discussed for providing a better understanding on role of combustion catalysts in burning rate enhancement. Available information on different types of combustion nanocatalysts is also presented with critical comments.     

应用抗差无迹卡尔曼滤波的再入弹道处理技术

针对现有无迹卡尔曼滤波在再入弹道处理中可能出现的异常观测、观测随机误差模型不准确以及动力学模型不合理等问题,在无迹卡尔曼滤波中引入自适应与抗差估计理论,研究适用于再入弹道处理的自适应抗差滤波方法。该方法可以自适应地估计测量噪声等价协方差阵和状态噪声等价协方差阵,并可实现异常值的分离和维纳模型方差的自适应调整。数值仿真结果表明:该方法计算简单,并能有效减弱测量误差和动力学模型误差对弹道处理精度的影响。     

高超声速飞行器BTT耦合控制策略研究

针对高超声速飞行器倾侧转弯（BTT）过程中俯仰、偏航和滚动通道间的强烈耦合,提出一种耦合控制策略。首先,针对高超声速飞行器快时变、非线性和强不确定性的控制问题,基于解析形式的非线性最优预测控制方法,采用分层设计思想设计了飞行器姿态控制系统,可较好满足高超声速飞行器的快速性要求。然后,在分析了BTT飞行控制过程主要影响因素及其影响规律的基础上,提出了一种“先降低攻角—然后快速滚转—再拉起攻角”的耦合控制策略。最后,对该控制策略对于高超声速飞行器的适用性进行了仿真分析。结果表明：本文提出的耦合控制策略,有效降低了偏航通道的控制需求,降低了BTT控制过程的失控风险,提高了控制系统的可靠性。     

多传感器信息融合理论在无人机相对导航中的应用

为提升无人机的作战效能和作战指标,提升无人机的相对导航精度和导航系统可靠性,以无人机编队的相对导航系统为研究背景,基于容积卡尔曼滤波算法和信息滤波算法,研究容积信息滤波算法。此外,还采用多传感器信息融合理论,利用分布式信息融合结构构建了无人机相对导航滤波器,对来自惯导、视觉和卫星的信息进行融合,获取无人机间的相对位置、速度和姿态信息。该方法提升了无人机相对导航的导航精度、导航可靠性和滤波稳定性,容积信息滤波算法的应用避免了传统滤波算法在高维系统中出现的数值不稳定以及精度降低等问题。数学仿真结果表明,该方法提高了无人机编队之间相对导航的精度和可靠性,证明了算法的有效性。     

伞盘结构对大长径比发动机药柱结构完整性的影响

为了提高大长径比发动机药柱结构完整性水平,基于三维黏弹性有限元法,计算某大长径比固体发动机在温度和内压荷载联合作用下的结构响应;研究伞盘结构及其位置对药柱最大Von Mises应变的影响规律;讨论当伞盘位于药柱中部时,伞盘最大Von Mises应变随伞盘宽度、深度以及顶部圆弧半径比的变化规律。结果表明,伞盘位于药柱中部时可以有效地降低大长径比药柱的最大Von Mises应变,增加伞盘宽度、深度或选取合适的半径比均可降低伞盘结构的最大Von Mises应变。所得结论可为固体发动机设计提供参考。     

伺服机构故障下基于线性规划的运载火箭姿控系统重构控制

发动机伺服机构故障给新一代运载火箭姿控系统的可靠性和安全性带来挑战,亟须开展重构控制策略研究。针对这一问题,提出一种基于线性规划的摆角重构控制分配方法。将伺服机构故障下的摆角分配问题转化为1范数单目标有约束优化问题,进而转化为标准的线性规划模型,采用单纯形法进行求解。仿真结果表明,所提出的线性规划法能够实现伺服机构故障下姿控系统的完全重构,各摆角均未达到饱和值,表明了方法的有效性。