Does counterterrorism spending reduce the incidence and lethality of terrorism? A quantitative analysis of 34 countries

Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, the US government increased its counterterrorism (CT) funding and created several Federal Agencies such as the Department of Homeland Security; Transportation Security Administration; and National Counterterrorism Center. Similarly, the 7 July 2005, London bombings also compelled the British government to increase its CT funding. These examples illustrate a phenomenon that when states experience terrorism, they dramatically increase public safety spending in order to reduce or eliminate the incidents of and casualties resulting from acts of terror. Using statistical data collected from 34 countries covering nine years, this article examines recent CT spending increases. Critically, the authors explore whether recent public safety expenditures can measurably reduce the number of domestic and international terrorist attacks. The implications of their findings should be salient for policy-makers’ assessments of their countries’ current CT strategies and policies concerning their respective Intelligence and Security Communities.     

THE ORIGINS OF AND PROSPECTS FOR RUSSIAN NUCLEAR DOCTRINE

This article explores Russia's increasing reliance on nuclear weapons from three perspectives. First, it seeks to demonstrate that the phenomenon is not exclusively limited to Russia and represents a broader trend, which is ultimately rooted in the nature of the contemporary international system or, more precisely, the uncertainties of the transitional period between the Cold War system and a new emerging one. Second, it analyzes the role assigned to nuclear weapons in Russia's doctrinal documents, in particular the emergence of a new mission—limited-use of nuclear weapons to deter or, if deterrence fails, to de-escalate large-scale conventional conflicts. Discussions of the new doctrine, which have begun recently, suggest that this new mission will likely remain unchanged. Finally, this article looks at the apparent discrepancy between Russia's nuclear modernization programs and the roles assigned to nuclear weapons in the military doctrine, as well as the causes of that discrepancy.     

基于IPSec的下一代高性能安全处理器的体系结构

IPSec是目前适合所有Internet通信的惟一一种安全技术。通过分析IPSec的处理过程,指出网络安全处理器的使用是IPSec协议高效实现的关键,并详细介绍了目前典型安全处理器的结构和应用。由于目前的网络安全处理器无法满足OC 48及其以上速率接口的处理要求,对下一代高速网络安全处理器的体系结构进行了分析和预测。     

‘Blackmailing the army’ – ‘Strategic Military Refusal’ as policy and doctrine enforcement: the formation of a new security agent

The study shows how ‘strategic military refusal’ in Israel developed as a rational and institutional means to influence security policies. As opposed to the perspective that sees military refusal as a spontaneous individual act, the study illustrates how organizations operate to distribute military refusal in order to pressure decision-makers to change their military policies. This strategy has proven to be effective when the military is involved with groups that threaten it with refusal – which threatens the military's operational ability and its official and apolitical image. These include soldiers whose civilian authorities, rather than their military commanders, are perceived as an epistemic authority regarding security issues. The case study refers to the impact of strategic military refusal in Israel on security policies and the military doctrine. This was influenced by leftist groups, which, although they belonged to the parliamentary opposition, had dominant presence in the military ranks. Furthermore, the study examines the effect of the use of strategic military refusal on the model of military recruitment.     

变质心再入飞行器自抗扰控制器设计(英文)

再入飞行器采用变质心控制不但可以保持较好的气动外形,还町以增大机动能力,但变质心控制较强的非线性和耦合性大大增加了控制系统设计难度,使控制器设计和实施的代价较高。针对这一问题,基于自抗扰控制技术,设计了变质心再入飞行器双通道解耦控制器。通过构造连续光滑扩张状态观测器,不加区分飞行器的各类干扰与耦合,对其统一进行估计:利用非线性状态反馈控制律,并自适应调节控制参数对其进行补偿,实现对飞行器姿态的解耦控制。仿真结果表明:该方法大大降低了对系统模型精度的要求与控制器设计实施代价,对变质心再入飞行器非线性、耦合性以及参数摄动具有较强的鲁棒性。     

碳化钨及其混合物的冲击 Hugoniot数据计算

计算了多孔碳化钨（初始密度分别为密实碳化钨密度的９５％、８５％、７５％和６５％）在不完全压实状态和完全压实状态下的Ｐ_１－Ｖ_１曲线和Ｃｓ－Ｕ１曲线以及碳化钨／碳、碳化钨／碳化硅混合物（碳化钨含量分别为３％,５％,１０％）的Ｐ_１－Ｖ_１曲线和Ｃ_ｓ－Ｕ_１曲线。     

基于状态空间模型的线性模拟电路BIST方法

本文针对线性模拟电路,提出了一种基于系统状态变量的ＢＩＳＴ方法。该方法将系统的状态、状态变化率及输入信号进行加权求和,以此加权和作为系统的故障检测输出。将其值的大小作为判别依据,可以区分系统的正常与异常状态。此方法具有简单可靠,故障覆盖率高的特点。     

用变分法研究相对论性中子物质的基态性质

用变分法研究了相对论性中子物质的基态性质.采用相对论形式的Hamiltonian、相对论性介子交换势、ψ=FΦ形式的变公函数,以及一种特定的关联函数,计算了中子物质的单粒子能量和物态方程,其结果有了明显改进.     

基于状态变换的同步时序电路测试生成

详细分析了固定故障所反映出的状态变换特征,提出状态变换故障模型以及相对应的测试生成压缩方法;基于无复位时序电路,深入研究了有复位状态的同步状态机测试生成方法的扩展问题;最后讨论了故障精简以及启发知识在测试生成中的应用问题。     

British and German initiatives for defence cooperation: the Joint Expeditionary Force and the Framework Nations Concept

At NATO’s 2014 Wales Summit, the UK and Germany unveiled two new initiatives for European defence cooperation, known, respectively, as the Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF) and the Framework Nations Concept (FNC). Both were the result of economic pressures and the need to exercise intra-alliance leadership, but they represented very different approaches to cooperation. The JEF was to be a UK-led contingency force for short-notice operations, selectively incorporating forces from allies and partners. The FNC sought to coordinate capability development between groups of allies, centred on larger framework nations, to develop coherent capability-clusters available to meet NATO’s force requirements. The common denominator and novelty of the initiatives was the building of forces and capabilities multinationally by having major states act as framework nations for groups of smaller allies. The UK and Germany have ownership and continue to provide leadership to these initiatives. This is one key reason why they continue to evolve to accommodate changing circumstances and are likely to endure.