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71.
Majak D’Agoôt 《Small Wars & Insurgencies》2013,24(3):679-702
ABSTRACTWhen on the wrong end of an asymmetry in the projection of hard power, weaker sides countenance the grim arithmetic of avoiding direct and massed confrontations. Invariably, insurgents have over the ages tended to employ indirect tactical methods to render their stronger opponents ineffective. Ultimately – interest asymmetry, regime type, asymmetries of strategy, and external intervention – combine in a complex interplay and pattern, to militate against a strong side. In Sudan, these factors interacted throughout the civil wars to produce regional autonomy and finally an independent South Sudan in 2011. Similar strategic logic had confronted many large African states battling insurgencies in Ethiopia, Angola, Nigeria, Zaire, and apartheid-era South Africa. Oftentimes, weakening public resolve has caused these governments to accommodate, capitulate or withdraw even if they try not to blink. Notwithstanding the regime type, it can be concluded that the majority of strong actors are prone to fail in a protracted, asymmetric conflict. Hence, the notion of linking victory in counterinsurgency to the degree of openness (democratic polyarchies); or closeness (totalitarianism) – is still valid but highly contestable in the case of Africa’s large dysfunctional states. 相似文献
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Since the July 2009 Boko Haram terrorist outburst in Nigeria, there have been increasing questions on the phenomenon in the country. There has not been any substantial analysis on the emergence of the Boko Haram group and its terrorist activities in Nigeria as the out-rage continues. This study is advanced to explain the phenomenon of Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria. It employs the levels of analysis framework popular in the field of international relations to explain the terrorism at three major levels: individual, state and international. The study relies on dependable news reports, which include interviews with key actors relevant to the subject matter, and finds that Boko Haram terrorism has its roots in the ideology and motivations of its founder and members, the failures and deficiencies of the Nigerian state, and the modern trend of religious terrorism in the international system. 相似文献
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在多站时差定位过程中,传统定位算法在传感器布站不合理的情况下通常会表现出明显的病态性,其导致定位结果不稳定、精度低。针对此问题,首先分析了时差定位过程中病态性产生的物理场景,并通过奇异值分解揭示了病态性的本质;其次根据时差定位观测矩阵的特征值分布特点,提出了一种改进的多站时差定位改善方法,该方法基于LS估计信息矩阵的条件指标进行奇异值修正,兼顾了目标定位的分辨率与方差,能显著提高多站时差目标定位的精度和稳定性,且没有增加系统和算法复杂度;最后将该算法与传统算法进行了仿真比较,结果证明了该算法优越性。 相似文献
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Whether or not Colombia has improved is a controversial topic. If improvement has occurred, what, if any, lessons from the Colombian model can be learned? The first lesson is that Colombia's problems were caused more by a weak state than by drugs. The second lesson is that improving state capacity requires more than just increased security. The state must also provide the basic social services that citizens require to gain and maintain their support. Additionally, government institutions need to improve their professionalism, protect human rights, and root out impunity and corruption. The alternative is to suffer from new cycles of violence as old foes are vanquished, but new ones emerge. 相似文献
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科学、合理地配置费用对于加强装备体系建设、提高军队战斗力具有重要的现实意义。文章介绍了价值工程的基本原理,建立了基于价值工程的装备体系建设费用结构优化模型,并引入强制确定(Forced Decision)法,通过实例讨论了优化方法的可行性和实用性。 相似文献
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基于相对运动理论提出拦截中段制导方法。方法原理为,将拦截器初始轨迹与施加修正后的轨迹视为一主一从两空间目标,以相对运动理论描述从目标相对于主目标的运动规律,于是初始的修正量可由终点处相对状态求解。给出了一般形式的相对运动模型,运用几何法与变分法推导得到了J2摄动影响下相对运动的状态转移矩阵,在此基础上,提出了采用状态转移矩阵的拦截中段制导方法。仿真算例表明,提出的方法能够为工程实际中的拦截中段制导提供有效支持。 相似文献
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