Why did Sudan Lose a small war in Southern Sudan?

ABSTRACT

When on the wrong end of an asymmetry in the projection of hard power, weaker sides countenance the grim arithmetic of avoiding direct and massed confrontations. Invariably, insurgents have over the ages tended to employ indirect tactical methods to render their stronger opponents ineffective. Ultimately – interest asymmetry, regime type, asymmetries of strategy, and external intervention – combine in a complex interplay and pattern, to militate against a strong side. In Sudan, these factors interacted throughout the civil wars to produce regional autonomy and finally an independent South Sudan in 2011. Similar strategic logic had confronted many large African states battling insurgencies in Ethiopia, Angola, Nigeria, Zaire, and apartheid-era South Africa. Oftentimes, weakening public resolve has caused these governments to accommodate, capitulate or withdraw even if they try not to blink. Notwithstanding the regime type, it can be concluded that the majority of strong actors are prone to fail in a protracted, asymmetric conflict. Hence, the notion of linking victory in counterinsurgency to the degree of openness (democratic polyarchies); or closeness (totalitarianism) – is still valid but highly contestable in the case of Africa’s large dysfunctional states.     

Colonial violence and its ‘Small Wars’: fighting the Kuki ‘guerillas’ during the Great War in Northeast India, 1917–1919

ABSTRACT

This paper concerns the lesser known British counterinsurgency (COIN) operations in Northeast frontier of India during the First World War. Officially known as the ‘Kuki Operations’, it was considered as part of the Great War. Carried out in isolation from press and public, and shelved in colonial archives, the event remained invisible until today. Yet, it registers a critical case of colonial COIN doctrine where the ‘moral effect’ doctrine was employed without being questioned. It unleashed enormous amount of organized violence, ranging from shoot at sight to indiscriminate burning of villages, wholesale destruction of property and livestock, prevention of cultivation and rebuilding of villages, forced mass displacement in jungles or in ‘concentration camps’, and collective punishment (communal penal labour and payment of compensation) after the war. This paper argues that the theory of ‘minimum force’ and the practicability of the ‘moral effect’ doctrine as applied by the Empire, sit oddly with each other at the frontier, where violence was seen both as a natural and moral orders. Violence as an ‘imperatively necessary’ method to bring order in a disorderly frontier, in the opinion of colonial state, informs and registers Northeast India as geography of violence.     

临近空间拦截弹非线性控制系统性能研究

针对临近空间高超声速拦截弹执行机构非线性特性影响控制系统响应,提出基于次优控制理论及bang-bang控制理论对该问题进行研究.针对舵偏角速率饱和影响控制系统响应,通过改进正定阵P,Q来确保系统响应特性;针对舵偏角饱和影响控制系统响应,通过建立bang-bang开关曲线,分析推导出开关切换次数及最优时间表达式;最后仿真结果表明临近空间拦截弹的舵偏角饱和严重影响飞行控制系统的快速性.     

黄页服务的合同网在编队武器目标分配中的应用

海上舰艇编队协同作战面临的环境日益复杂,其武器目标分配呈现出了多智能体系统的涌现性、协同性和动态性.将编队武器目标分配问题转化成多智能体系统来研究,根据黄页概念建立了编队武器智能体的黄页服务,运用基于黄页服务的合同网协议实现了编队范围内的武器目标分布式分配.     

云模型和特征辐射源信息的平台目标识别

平台目标识别一般分为两个步骤,首先是对平台上辐射源的识别,然后通过辐射源和平台的关联进行平台识别.在辐射源识别阶段提出利用云模型描述和处理参数存在区间模糊和观测具有噪声的数据,较好地解决了对于带有复杂调制信号的辐射源识别问题.在平台识别阶段,就辐射源和平台关联的各种结果给出了新的计算样本和模板间匹配度的方法,并且提出利用平台的特征辐射源信息对平台识别结果进行进一步的筛选,以提高识别率.最后用仿真验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于公开信息源的我国海防研究文献计量分析

采用文献计量学统计分析方法,以CNK《中国学术文献网络出版总库》为主要数据源,检索我国海防相关文献,从海防研究文献增长、文献来源、作者及机构情况、关键词词频以及学科类别与研究层次等方面进行计量分析,揭示不同历史时期海防问题的社会关注度,分析海防研究的现状、热点及趋势。     

TOT培训模式对我国警务硕士培养的几点启示

TOT培训是对培训者的培训,是欧盟开展成人教育的一种创新模式.通过浅析TOT培训模式,结合我国警务硕士培养目标和要求,从警务硕士培养理念、培养方法、管理与评估等方面提出了开展警务硕士专业学位研究生培养工作的几点思考.     

Hash技术在消防产品信息检索中的应用

讨论了消防产品的身份证管理制度,针对跟踪管理系统中移动终端查询速度较慢的问题,将Hash技术应用到产品信息检索中,并对全国消防产品数据库中采集的数据进行了实验测试.实验结果表明,Hash技术用于移动终端大规模数据的检索具有简单高效的特点.     

基于信息流的中枢疲劳脑电分析

为充分利用多导脑电信息,首次提出运用有向传递函数（DTF）方法,对不同中枢疲劳状态下导联间信息流的强度和方向的变化进行分析。研究结果表明,脑电功能耦合中额一到一顶方向的信息流是大脑皮层联系的一个固有特征,可以有效地刻画安静清醒和疲劳两个状态,长时间脑力劳动任务引起中枢疲劳的增加,进而导致整个频率段占优势的信息流的方向发生了反转,信息流占优势的方向从实验前的顶一到一额方向,转变为实验后的额一到一顶方向。     

基于移动目标的DOA估计偏差校正

针对移动目标的波达方向估计容易出现偏差的问题,提出一种利用频移信息修正方位估计偏差的算法,解决了传统方位估计算法不能适用于高速移动目标或平台的问题。该方法利用基阵平台与目标的径向移动速度,估计中心频率偏移,然后利用频移信息修正传统的方位估计结果。仿真结果表明,该算法可以极大地提高移动目标的方位估计精度。此外,该算法对阵列的阵型和方位估计算法没有任何限制,因此具有广泛的适用性和较强的工程实用价值。