A Question of ‘Government’ Control: Afghanistan DDR Programs Since 2001

Since the fall of the Taliban in late 2001, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA), the United States, the United Nations, and the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) have funded and led three different Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) programs. Despite a significant investment in time and treasure, all of them have failed to significantly reduce the number of insurgents or arbaki (militia). This article explores why these programs failed despite incorporating ideas from the prominent DDR schools of thought. Utilizing Stathis Kalyvas’ theory of The Logic of Violence in Civil War as a lens, this article argues that GIRoA and ISAF did not have sufficient control of territory to entice insurgents or arbaki to reconcile and/or reintegrate with the government. Further, in areas GIRoA nominally controlled in northern and western Afghanistan, regional powerbrokers who controlled these areas balked at these programs.     

基于无阀直驱技术的坦克火炮高低向电液稳定器研究

运用无阀直驱技术设计了一种新型的坦克火炮高低向电液稳定器。论述其工作原理和特点,进行合理简化并建立系统模型,对系统进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,该系统具有良好的稳态和动态性能,对新型坦克火炮高低向电液稳定器设计具有实际意义。     

引弧微爆加工陶瓷新方法及其电源系统研制

高频引弧在瞬间产生微爆炸和轰击波时具有高能量密度,结合工程陶瓷加工的特点,提出了引弧微爆加工工程陶瓷的新方法。试验证明了该方法能够实现低成本加工陶瓷孔、外圆、平面以及各种异型面,是一项全新的工程陶瓷加工技术。研制的专用脉冲电源采用了全桥式绝缘门栅极晶体管（Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor,IGBT）逆变主电路、独特的高频引弧及控制电路,引弧微爆加工电源系统具有工作可靠、可控性好等优点。     

45钢表面激光熔覆Ni35合金涂层的组织及性能

为了修复45钢磨损装备零件,采用激光熔覆工艺在45钢表面制备了Ni35合金涂层。利用扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱分析仪（EDS）、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和磨损试验机分析了熔覆层的显微组织,测试了涂层的硬度和耐磨性能。结果表明：熔覆层由γ-Ni和Ni3B两相组成;熔覆层中存在平面晶、胞状晶、枝晶等多种形态;Ni35熔覆层的硬度为450HV,熔覆层的耐磨性是基体的2.86倍。     

纳米SiC晶须增强铜基纳米复合材料摩擦学性能研究

采用粉末冶金法制备了添加纳米SiC晶须（n-SiCw）的铜基纳米复合材料（SiCw／Cu）。研究了复合材料的显微组织、密度、硬度与n-SiCw含量之间的关系,通过球／盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究了SiCw／Cu复合材料的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：随n-SiCw含量增加,基体中孔隙增多,并出现n-SiCw的偏聚,复合材料的密度减小,硬度增加;当n-SiCw含量为0．3wt％时,材料的减摩、耐磨性能最好;SiCw／Cu复合材料的磨损机制为疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损,并以疲劳磨损为主。     

磁流变液的摩擦与润滑

采用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了羰基铁-矿物油体系磁流变液和基础油摩擦系数随时间的变化曲线、磨斑直径,用扫描电镜观察了磨痕表面形貌.结果表明,与基础油相比,磁流变液的摩擦加剧,润滑性能降低,磁性颗粒是导致其润滑性能下降的首要原因;摩擦磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损,表现为犁沟效应.     

The effects of model parameter deviations on the variance of a linearly filtered time series

We consider a general linear filtering operation on an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) time series. The variance of the filter output, which is an important quantity in many applications, is not known with certainty because it depends on the true ARMA parameters. We derive an expression for the sensitivity (i.e., the partial derivative) of the output variance with respect to deviations in the model parameters. The results provide insight into the robustness of many common statistical methods that are based on linear filtering and also yield approximate confidence intervals for the output variance. We discuss applications to time series forecasting, statistical process control, and automatic feedback control of industrial processes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010     

基于层间嵌入式多级支持向量机的特征选择

针对多故障样本一次性映射之后分类不理想,研究了多级层次式支持向量机,应用UCI数据仿真,结果表明该方法缩短了训练时间、提升了测试准确率、改善了样本的可分类性。由于误差积累,在此基础上,提出了层间嵌入式多级支持向量机,采用Abalone数据仿真,结果表明分类精度有所提高并减少了分类步骤。结合ReliefF算法,对制导设备的故障特征参数进行了选择。     

激光淬火渗硫复合层的抗高温摩擦磨损性能

采用网格化激光淬火和低温离子渗硫技术对42MnCr52钢进行复合表面处理,使用洛氏硬度计、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和能谱仪对表面改性层进行了表征分析,使用T11高温摩擦磨损试验机对复合处理前后的样品进行了高温摩擦磨损比较试验。结果表明:经激光淬火-离子渗硫复合处理后,在基材表面形成了激光淬火渗硫复合层,具有显著的抗高温摩擦磨损性能。与未处理样品相比较,硬度提高20%左右,摩擦因数降低约10%,磨损失重量减少50%以上。最后对激光淬火渗硫复合层的抗高温摩擦磨损机理进行了探讨分析。     

Analysis of some critical aspects in hot machining of Ti-5553 superalloy: Experimental and FE analysis

In this study, a newly developed titanium superalloy, i.e., the Ti-5553 alloy has used for hot machining. This material replaced Ti-grade-5 alloy in the application of aerospace, automobile, and biomedical sector. However, similar to Ti-grade-5 alloy, the Ti-5553 alloy has a low thermal conductivity which makes it difficult-to-cut material categories hence, high tool wear, cutting force and bad surface finish. Hot machining of Ti-5553 has been studied at different machining condition (room and hot) using Deform-2D finite element analysis. The result from the simulation test was compared with the experimental value and reduction of cutting and thrust forces was observed. The experiment was carried out with the same input parameters as simulation, and good coherence between them observed. Additionally, cutting zone temperature, effective stress, etc. for both room and elevated the temperature are also discussed.