Electronic warfare in the optical band: Main features,examples and selected measurement data

The paper presents the possibilities of, and methods for, acquiring, analysing and processing optical signals in order to recognise, identify and counteract threats on the contemporary battleground. The main ways electronic warfare is waged in the optical band of the electromagnetic wave spectrum have been formulated, including the acquisition of optical emitter signatures, as well as ultraviolet (UV) and thermal (IR) signatures. The physical parameters and values describing the emission of laser radiation are discussed, including their importance in terms of creating optical signatures. Moreover, it has been shown that in the transformation of optical signals into signatures, only their spectral and temporal parameters can be applied. This was confirmed in experimental part of the paper, which includes our own measurements of spectral and temporal emission characteristics for three types of binocular laser rangefinders. It has been further shown that through simple registration and quick analysis involving comparison of emission time parameters in the case of UV signatures in “solar-blind” band, various events can be identified quickly and faultlessly. The same is true for IR signatures, where the amplitudes of the recorded signal for several wavelengths are compared. This was confirmed experimentally for UV signatures by registering and then analyzing signals from several events during military exercises at a training ground, namely Rocket Propelled Grenade (RPG) launches and explosions after hitting targets, trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosions, firing armour-piercing, fin-stabilised, discarding sabots (APFSDS) or high explosive (HE) projectiles. The final section describes a proposed model database of emitters, created as a result of analysing and transforming the recorded signals into optical signatures.     

Fracture mechanism of a cylindrical shell cut by circumferential detonation collision

The failure mechanism of a cylindrical shell cut into fragments by circumferential detonation collision was experimentally and numerically investigated. A self-designed detonation wave regulator was used to control the detonation and cut the shell. It was found that the self-designed regulator controlled the fragment shape. The macrostructure and micro-characteristics of fragments revealed that shear fracture was a prior mechanism, the shell fractured not only at the position of detonation collision, but the crack also penetrated the shell at the first contact position of the Chapmen-Jouguet (C-J) wave. The effects of groove number and outer layer thickness on the fracture behavior were tested by simulations. When the thickness of the outer layer was 5–18 mm, it has little effect on fragmentation of the shell, and shells all fractured at similar positions. The increase of the groove number reduced the fracture possibility of the first contact position of the C-J wave. When the groove number reached 7 with a 10 mm outer layer (1/4 model), the fracture only occurred at the position of detonation collision and the fragment width rebounded.     

Numerical investigation on free air blast loads generated from center-initiated cylindrical charges with varied aspect ratio in arbitrary orientation

In current guidelines, the free air blast loads (overpressure and impulse) are determined by spherical charges, although most of ordnance devices are more nearly cylindrical than spherical in geometry. This may result in a great underestimation of blast loads in the near field and lead to an unsafe design. However, there is still a lack of systematic quantitative analysis of the blast loads generated from cylindrical charges. In this study, a numerical model is developed by using the hydrocode AUTODYN to investigate the influences of aspect ratio and orientation on the free air blast loads generated from center-initiated cylindrical charges. This is done by examining the pressure contours, the peak overpressures and impulses for various aspect ratios ranged from 1 to 8 and arbitrary orientation monitored along every azimuth angle with an interval of 5°. To characterize the distribution patterns of blast loads, three regions, i.e., the axial region, the vertex region and the radial region are identified, and the propagation of blast waves in each region is analyzed in detail. The complexity of blast loads of cylindrical charges is found to result from the bridge wave and its interaction with primary waves. Several empirical formulas are presented based on curve-fitting the numerical data, including the orientation where the maximum peak overpressure emerges, the critical scaled distance beyond which the charge shape effect could be neglected and blast loads with varied aspect ratio in arbitrary orientation, all of which are useful for blast-resistant design.     

Log‐concave and concave distributions in reliability

Nonparametric classes of life distributions are usually based on the pattern of aging in some sense. The common parametric families of life distributions also feature monotone aging. In this paper we consider the class of log‐concave distributions and the subclass of concave distributions. The work is motivated by the fact that most of the common parametric models of life distributions (including Weibull, Gamma, log‐normal, Pareto, and Gompertz distributions) are log‐concave, while the remaining life of maintained and old units tend to have a concave distribution. The classes of concave and log‐concave distributions do not feature monotone aging. Nevertheless, these two classes are shown to have several interesting and useful properties. We examine the closure of these classes under a number of reliability operations, and provide sharp reliability bounds for nonmaintained and maintained units having life distribution belonging to these classes. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 46: 419–433, 1999     

航空轮胎用橡胶弹性体Mullins效应动态加载方法

航空轮胎用橡胶弹性体在服役过程中遭受严苛的动态循环工况。为了研究弹性体在此工况下的力学响应特征和损伤机理,提出基于应力波作用的Mullins效应动态加载实验方法。根据应力波传导与作用特征,采用Hopkinson压杆加载思路,设计和配置了各单元尺寸参数,进而搭建可用于橡胶弹性体材料动态循环加载的实验系统,并开展了航空轮胎用丁苯橡胶的动态循环加载试验。基于试验信号分析发现：加载系统实现了弹性体材料Mullins效应动态应变递增的试验加载。最后开展加载测试参数的影响因素分析,结果表明通过优化系统各单元可实现Mullins效应的动态加、卸载参数的控制。     

防空C4ISR系统指挥引导成功率的一种算法

基于防空C4ISR系统试验和评估,给出了一种指挥引导成功率的计算方法.依据指挥引导高度误差的不同要求,分别定义了二维指挥引导成功区和三维指挥引导成功区.通过对指挥引导散布现象的分析,说明了指挥引导点的分布特性,并且应用概率论和数理统计理论给出了指挥引导成功率的计算方法.通过仿真计算,证明了该算法的正确性和实用性.     

战术数据链的建设与发展

通过回顾战术数据链的建设与发展历程 ,提出了战术数据链定义、类型。介绍了战术数据链的国际现状 ,给出了欧美国家现有战术数据链。分析了美军战术数据链建设情况 ,着重研究了 16号链及 JTIDS的特点、运用和发展情况 ,就JTIDS的相对导航原理和对作战效能的影响进行了分析。指出了俄军战术数据链状况 ,说明了某型俄制飞机空空战术数据链的应用方法。最后依据本国实际提出了我军战术数据链建设和发展的意见和建议 ,提供了研究与开发的技术途径。     

激光陀螺数字抖动控制方法与特性

针对传统的模拟抖动控制系统体积大、灵活性差的缺点,设计了一种基于单片机的新的激光陀螺数字抖动控制方法,建立了陀螺抖动的数学模型,比较研究了传统的模拟正弦波驱动和新的数字方波驱动的抖动特性,指出了后者不同于前者的抖幅变化律及非线性的随机噪声注入方式。仿真和实验证明,该方法能很好满足激光陀螺抖动控制要求,保证陀螺性能。     

在柴油机放热曲线计算中两个关键问题的解决方法

对影响柴油机放热曲线精度计算的因素进行了讨论 ,并对影响放热率计算的主要问题如动态上止点修正、示功图光顺处理两个主要环节进行了分析研究 ,提出了解决方法 .     

论开发西北地区资源环境与兵团应采取的对策

西北作为资源开发主导型地区 ,矿产资源和水资源在开发利用过程中 ,存在一系列问题。兵团在新疆具有举足轻重的地位 ,应该协调该地区资源开发与环境保护 ,在可持续发展道路中采取相应的对策。