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Erik J Dahl 《战略研究杂志》2013,36(1):31-55
Many scholars and analysts have studied intelligence failure and surprise and developed theories to explain disasters such as the attack on Pearl Harbor. Others, especially since the 9/11 attacks, have examined the rising threat of terrorism and see it as posing a particularly difficult challenge for the intelligence community. But little work has been done to integrate the earlier literature on intelligence failure with the newer threat of terrorist attack. This article attempts such an integration, by examining the bombing of the US Marine Barracks in Beirut in 1983; it concludes that most studies of the Beirut bombing are mistaken in their assessment of the role played by intelligence in that disaster, and suggests that our understanding of intelligence failure against surprise attacks needs to be revised in the age of terrorism. 相似文献
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The growth of the African Internet, and services related to the Internet, has been rapid over the last decade. Following this market expansion, a variety of service providers have started to provide access. A fast-growing market puts pressure on the providers to deliver services first and only then seek to secure the networks. Over time, industrialised nations have become more able to detect and trace cyber attacks against their networks. These tracking features are constantly developing and the precision in determining the origin of an attack is increasing. A state-sponsored cyber attacker, such as intelligence agencies and electronic warfare units, will seek to avoid detection, especially when the attacks are politically sensitive intelligence-gathering and intrusion forays into foreign states' networks. One way for the attacker to create a path that links the attacks and the originating country is by actions through a proxy. The less technologically mature developing nations offer an opportunity for cyber aggression due to their lower level of security under the quick expansion of the Internet-based market. Developing countries could be used as proxies, without their knowledge and consent, through the unauthorised usage of these countries' information systems in an attempt to attack a third country by a state-sponsored offensive cyber operation. If the purpose of the cyber attack is to destabilise a targeted society and the attack succeeds, the used proxies are likely to face consequences in their relations with foreign countries, even if the proxy was unaware of the covert activity. 相似文献
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网络化巡飞攻击弹药(NLAA)是一种新型的信息化弹药,采用无人机技术、弹药技术和数据通信技术等多项高新技术,是未来弹药领域发展的重要方向.针对网络化巡飞攻击弹药的特点和关键技术,提出了网络化巡飞攻击弹药在鉴定试验中需要开展结构强度、制导精度、数据链测试、安全性和可靠性、毁伤评估以及弹道测试等关键试验技术研究,为网络化巡飞攻击弹药定型试验技术研究提供了方向. 相似文献
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为了探索提高协同空战攻击决策算法性能的途径,将多子群粒子群优化理论用于求解协同空战攻击决策,利用生命周期粒子群模型( LCPSO),提出了一种生命周期离散粒子群( LCDPSO)协同空战攻击决策算法。基于典型空战想定背景,仿真验证了算法的有效性。通过统计实验的方法,分析比较了LCDPSO协同空战攻击决策算法与多种智能决策算法的准确性、可靠性和快速性,研究结果证明LCDPSO协同空战攻击决策算法优良的综合性能。 相似文献