Limiting cyberwarfare: applying arms-control models to an emerging technology

ABSTRACT

An arms race in cyberspace is underway. US and Western government efforts to control this process have largely been limited to deterrence and norm development. This article examines an alternative policy option: arms control. To gauge whether arms-control models offer useful lessons for addressing cyber capabilities, this article compiles a new dataset of predominantly twentieth-century arms-control agreements. It also evaluates two case studies of negotiated agreements that regulate dual-use technologies, the 1928 Geneva Protocol prohibiting chemical- and biological-weapon use and the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation. The analysis underscores the limits of norm development for emerging technologies with both civilian and military applications. It finds lessons for developing verifiable, international cooperation mechanisms for cyberwarfare in the regulatory model of international aviation. Conventionally, arms-control agreements take advantage of transparent tests or estimates of arms. To restrict cyberwarfare activities, experts and policy makers must adapt arms-control models to a difficult-to-measure technology at an advanced stage of development and use. Further investigation of international regulatory schemes for dual-use technology of similar diffusion and development to the internet, such as international civil aviation, is needed.     

DIS的多武器模拟器训练系统

现有的武器系统模拟器大多是对单个武器系统平台的性能仿真,利用DIS可以将它们联结成多武器平台的作战环境下的对抗仿真。在分析基于DIS的多武器系统模拟器训练系统的基础上,确定了系统的仿真框架,介绍了系统中通信的实现方法,并介绍了系统的工作过程。     

Reading the Riot Act: Toward a More Comprehensive Ban on Chemical Weapons

ABSTRACT

The recent use of chemicals in warfare in Syria and Iraq illustrates that, despite the important work of the 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), the world has not yet been totally successful in stopping the use of indiscriminate toxic agents in conflicts, either by states or non-state actors. Michael Crowley's excellent and timely new book, Chemical Control, analyzes the use of “riot control agents” (RCAs) and “incapacitating chemical agents” (ICAs), including launch and dispersal systems, by police, paramilitary, and military forces over the last decades and raises the challenging question about where the red line might be drawn between banned and permitted uses of chemicals. He discusses this problem not only in the context of the CWC, which allows use of RCAs for civilian riot control, but also in the context of international law, human rights, and criminal justice, including the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention and other disarmament and abolition regimes. He proposes a “holistic, three-stage approach” to addressing this issue “for effective regulation or prohibition of the weapon or weapon-related technology of concern.” As we approach the global abolition of a whole class of weapons of mass destruction in the next decade or even sooner, Chemical Control is helpful in better understanding and solving the dilemma of what's actually banned or permitted under international law, and precluding states undermining the chemical weapons ban.     

巨型计算机的前端工作站的设计(软件部分)

巨型计算机的前端工作站是巨型计算机系统的重要组成部分,它实现了主处理机与前端处理机的互联。文章从功能与结构两个方面阐述了前端工作站的设计,并且简要地介绍了通讯协议。前端工作站已研制成功并正式投入了使用。     

A Novel Framework for Safeguarding Naval Nuclear Material

ABSTRACT

The present international standard allows non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS) to forego safeguards when nuclear material is used in a “non-proscribed military activity,” though no criteria have been established to determine when NNWS can remove naval nuclear material from safeguards. Though at present, only nuclear-armed states possess nuclear submarines, the global nuclear naval landscape may soon change with the advancement of Brazil's fledgling program and the possible precedent it would set for other NNWS. A framework is needed to shore up nuclear security and prevent nuclear material diversion from the nuclear naval sector. Proposed and existing nonproliferation frameworks, including a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty and commitments through the nuclear security summits, are insufficient to close this loophole. A Naval Use Safeguards Agreement (NUSA), modeled after the Additional Protocol of the International Atomic Energy Agency, would provide a framework to remove the opacity surrounding nuclear material in the naval sector. Designed for NNWS and encouraged as confidence-building measures for nuclear weapon states, NUSA would explicitly outline those stages in the naval nuclear fuel cycle where safeguards are to be applied and in what context. This viewpoint also further provides direction for targeted research and development in technical naval nuclear safeguards solutions.     

分布式约束优化问题及其求解算法

分布式约束优化问题(DCOP)能够对多智能体系统(MAS)中的各种分布式推理任务进行建模,广泛应用于分布式规划、调度、资源分配等问题中。首先从DCOP的概念出发,引入一个典型的DCOP实例,在此基础上对DCOP问题求解的两类主流算法进行了详细介绍和比较分析。针对DCOP对现实问题建模中出现的部分集中式、硬约束、开放式、隐私和anytime等5个方面的问题进行了阐述,并介绍了相应的扩展算法。在动态实时问题,自稳定性与误差容错以及在物理分布式环境下仿真等问题仍需进一步研究。     

分布式虚拟环境中环境信息动态更新研究

环境信息动态更新是分布式虚拟环境的一个主要特点,如何使环境信息更新更活跃、更反应实际情况,一直是分布式虚拟环境研究的重点。在典型的分布式交互环境中,环境信息动态更新是基于协议数据单元(PDU),它不提供数据可靠性传输保证。如何保证分布式环境中各结点环境信息一致性,本文提出了一种信息校验和协议,它通过极少的信息传输就可保证各结点环境信息高度一致。文中定义了保证分布式环境信息动态一致性更新的协议数据单元,并在试验环境中证明了协议的可靠性。     

TCP协议面向字节流问题的探讨和商榷

TCP协议是TCP／IP协议族中的主要协议之一,同时也是比较复杂的一个协议。正确理解TCP协议的特点和基本原理,对全面掌握计算机网络课程基本概念,进而全面掌握因特网的使用有着重要的意义。文章对TCP协议的面向字节流特性进行了深入探讨,指出了谢希仁编著的《计算机网络》（第五版）中对该问题的论述中存在的问题,并提出了自己的改进意见与作者商榷。     

HJ—90总线控制协议设计

总线控制协议是高速多路串行数据总线的关键,它决定了多路串行数据总线的实时响应能力以及在高负载和低负载情况下的串行数据总线的特性。本文介绍舰载实时分布式系统的总线控制协议,即HJ-90总线协议。实验结果表明,该总线控制协议不论在高负载还是在低负载情况下,均具有良好的实时响应能力,能够满足舰载分布式指控系统的要求。同时,该协议还具有简洁性,便于实现,有利于提高系统的可靠性。     

网络模拟器ns的软件框架分析及扩展应用

目前在网络研究方面广泛使用的一种网络模拟器——ns(network simulator)一种离散事件驱动的网络模拟工具,它支持TCP协议的多个版本(包括SACK、Tahoe和Reno)以及路由调度算法,为模拟TCP协议、路由算法和多播协议提供充分的支持。文中主要对这种模拟器的特点、系统结构和仿真功能进行了介绍,着重讨论了ns中体现系统设计中实现机制与使用策略分离原则的分割编程模型,以及为了实现对各种特定通信环境和新机制的模拟,通过代码扩展深入使用模拟器的方法。