SOCIAL PREFERENCES FOR NATIONAL DEFENCE AND POLICE ENFORCEMENT IN WESTERN EUROPE

We study the determinants of social preferences for national defence and for police and law enforcement. For this task, we estimate a bivariate ordered probit model for a set of European countries (France, Finland, Norway, Portugal, Spain and Sweden) in 2006. Determinants of spending decisions for defence and police are found to be linked but are of significantly different magnitudes. Besides, measures against terrorist threats are positively linked to police and defence spending increases, while the subjective perception of fiscal pressure has no influence. Finally, no significant differences are found between Northern and Southern Europe.     

带交易未定权益有偏好无套利定价

针对引入的有交易费正常化资产模型和有偏好套期保值投资策略,利用辅助鞅和资产折算函 数方法,讨论了未定权益的有偏好无套利机会定价问题,还给出了相应的有偏好无套利机会的定价区间。     

一阶超对策模型中结局偏好认知信息集结的模式识别法

针对一类一阶n人超对策模型,提出了一种结局偏好认知信息的集结方法.首先通过对单一局中人中不同专家给出的对其他局中人结局偏好信息的不同认知进行关联分析,确定出专家的权重评价值,进而运用模糊模式识别原理,通过建立一个非线性规划模型,给出了一种新的超对策结局偏好认知信息的集结方法.最后,用一个数值例子对文中所提方法进行了说明.     

Civil–military relations and organisational preferences regarding the use of the military in Chinese foreign policy: insights from the debate on MOOTW

ABSTRACT

This article analyses the positions of the Chinese civilian leaders and military elites on Military Operations Other Than War in order to shed light on their preferences about the use of the armed forces in foreign policy between the late 1990s and the early 2010s. Over time, a significant divergence developed between civilians and soldiers until 2011, when the Libyan crisis happened. The study also prompts important considerations about our understanding of civil–military relations in China and future role of the People’s Liberation Army as a tool of statecraft in foreign policy.