How viable is international arms control for military artificial intelligence? Three lessons from nuclear weapons |
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Authors: | Matthijs M Maas |
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Institution: | 1. Faculty of Law, Centre for International Law, Conflict and Crisis, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;2. Center for the Governance of AI, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK |
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Abstract: | Many observers anticipate “arms races” between states seeking to deploy artificial intelligence (AI) in diverse military applications, some of which raise concerns on ethical and legal grounds, or from the perspective of strategic stability or accident risk. How viable are arms control regimes for military AI? This article draws a parallel with the experience in controlling nuclear weapons, to examine the opportunities and pitfalls of efforts to prevent, channel, or contain the militarization of AI. It applies three analytical lenses to argue that (1) norm institutionalization can counter or slow proliferation; (2) organized “epistemic communities” of experts can effectively catalyze arms control; (3) many military AI applications will remain susceptible to “normal accidents,” such that assurances of “meaningful human control” are largely inadequate. I conclude that while there are key differences, understanding these lessons remains essential to those seeking to pursue or study the next chapter in global arms control. |
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Keywords: | Artificial intelligence AI arms race arms control nonproliferation epistemic communities normal accidents governance |
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