简述与《禁止化学武器公约》相关的生化融合技术

《禁止化学武器公约》是一项十分重要的国际公约。《公约》全面、切实地履行,对在全球范围禁止化学武器使用,防止化学武器扩散,减少化学武器对人类的危害具有重大而深远意义。然而,随着科技的发展,《公约》面临着新的挑战。特别是生物学和化学的发展与融合,对《公约》实施可能产生的影响日益明显。文章结合禁止化学武器组织科学咨询委员会向第三次《禁止化学武器公约》审议大会提交的报告,重点就与《公约》有关的化学与生物融合的技术问题进行了简要的归纳和分析。     

《禁止化学武器公约》履约进展

本文简要回顾了《禁止化学武器公约》生效后禁止化学武器组织的主要活动。     

“合法”的新概念化学武器

所谓新概念化学武器,是区别于传统化学毒剂弹药而言的一种武器。这种新化学武器由于其弹药并不对作战人员构成伤害,更不会致人死亡,也不污染环境,因此短期内还不会受国际《禁止化学武器公约》的限制。说它不受《禁止化学武器公约》限制,是指它既不违背1925年日内瓦议定书的内容和精神,也不受1993年1月公开签署的人类历史上第一个全面禁止、彻底销毁大规模杀伤性武器的军控条约《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》的约束。它是一种新型概念武器。这种新概念化学弹内装的不是普通炸药,也不是常说的沙林、芥子气等种种     

日本在华遗弃化学武器的环境污染问题

简要介绍了日本在华遗弃化学武器弹药和毒剂的种类、所造成的环境污染与危害，以及《禁止化学武器公约》有关环境保护的规定。描述了遗弃化学武器的销毁处理过程，着重分析了挖掘过程、销毁处理的环境污染和销毁设施发生的部分事故，指出了废弃物最终处置的潜在环境污染问题。     

《禁止化学武器公约》生效8年回顾

截止2004年12月31日,《禁止化学武器公约》共有167个缔约国,根据公约要求,其中6个缔约国宣布拥有化学武器,136个缔约国建立了国家执行机构,96个缔约国进行了国家立法。禁止化学武器组织对66缔约国的750个设施进行了视察。截止2004年11月30日,已销毁宣布的71373t化学武器中的10351t,已销毁宣布的8671564件弹药／容器中的2145268件。截止2005年1月31日,OPCW对已宣布的化武设施和工业设施共进行了1963次视察。     

毒剂销毁的化学问题

《禁止化学武器公约》的签署使销毁化学武器的问题日益迫切和重要。本文就销毁化学毒剂的化学反应：氧化（高温、低温）、水解、分解等进行全面系统的讨论。     

1998年化学裁军形势分析

１９９８年化学裁军,以执行《禁止化学武器公约》为中心,取得重大进展。公约组织全面开展覆约活动。１６９个签约国中已有１２１国批准公约,８７国作出宣布。公约组织进行了３４９次核查。美国销毁化学武器近３０００ｔ,俄罗斯销毁化学武器尚处于计划准备阶段。但伊拉克武器核查危机重复,美、英动武,非缔约国中化学武器扩散不断发生,化学裁军仍潜存诸多矛盾。     

加强防化装备科研建设几个问题的思考

《禁止化学武器公约》生效3年多来,正确认识国际化武公约履约的长期性和艰难性,关注我国周边国家和地区化学武器威胁形势,适应未来军事斗争准备需要,提出了21世纪初防化科研建设应重点加强新概念武器的防护研究;及时跟踪世界防化装备发展前沿;不断拓展防护装备技术研究领域,加速培养新型高素质防化装备科研人才等几点思考。     

选择遗弃化学武器销毁技术的原则和程序

中日双方就日本遗弃化学武器的销毁问题开始磋商。根据《禁止化学武器公约》和中日两国政府《关于销毁中国境内日本遗弃化学武器的备忘录》的有关规定,应“最优选地确保人民安全和保护环境”。怎样选择销毁技术才能最有利于保障人员安全和保护生态环境已成为当前我们面临的一个重要问题。试就选择遗弃化学武器销毁技术的原则和程序等问题作一初步探讨。     

防化研究院履约十年回顾

《禁止化学武器公约》生效10周年之际,简要回顾公约生效以来防化研究院参与的履约研究、核查接待、单一小规模设施建设、指定实验室建设、日本遗弃化武处理等各个方面的履约活动,以期总结经验,展望未来。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.