New ANSI versions of MIL-STD-414 and MIL-STD-105D

When acceptance sampling plans are applied to measurement characteristics, a choice between application of a variables or an attributes sampling plan must be made. With the recent revision by the American Society for Quality Control for the American National Standards Institute of the ANSI/ASQC Z1.9 variables system and the ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 attributes system, the standards have now been matched so that it is possible to move between them. This article will discuss exploitation of the resulting synergistic relationship to achieve more rational and more effective acceptance sampling.     

计数序贯抽样检验方案的OC函数和ASN

根据序贯概率比检验的理论,给出计数序贯抽样检验方案的设计原理,得到国家标准GB／T8051—2008中计数序贯抽样检验方案的OC函数和ASN的计算方法。     

统计抽样方法在外语单词测验中的应用

本文通过分析一般工业产品计数抽样检验方法与外语单词专项测验的特点,发现二者本质相同。利用统计抽样方法不仅可以获得随机样本(试卷),排除某些主观干扰,同时还可以对受试方和考核方风险率进行评价和选择(按四个分级标准,给出了风险率不同的六组测验方案)。此法已为《大学英语词汇系统软件》采用.     

Sequential and systematic sampling plans for the Markov‐dependent production process

Acceptance sampling plans are used to assess the quality of an ongoing production process, in addition to the lot acceptance. In this paper, we consider sampling inspection plans for monitoring the Markov‐dependent production process. We construct sequential plans that satisfy the usual probability requirements at acceptable quality level and rejectable quality level and, in addition, possess the minimum average sample number under semicurtailed inspection. As these plans result in large sample sizes, especially when the serial correlation is high, we suggest new plans called “systematic sampling plans.” The minimum average sample number systematic plans that satisfy the probability requirements are constructed. Our algorithm uses some simple recurrence relations to compute the required acceptance probabilities. The optimal systematic plans require much smaller sample sizes and acceptance numbers, compared to the sequential plans. However, they need larger production runs to make a decision. Tables for choosing appropriate sequential and systematic plans are provided. The problem of selecting the best systematic sampling plan is also addressed. The operating characteristic curves of some of the sequential and the systematic plans are compared, and are observed to be almost identical. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 48: 451–467, 2001     

Toward a determination of optimal multilevel sampling plans

Traditionally continuous sampling plans have been evaluated according to relatively few criteria. These typically include the OC curve (on which AQL systems are based), the ASN, and the AOQ curve. These characteristics are all calculated under the assumption that the process is “in control” so that mathematically they are derived as long-term averages. Thus, any two plans which (long term) spend the same proportion of time on each type of sampling inspection will be identical relative to these criteria. This is true whether sampling from lots or doing unit-by-unit inspection. The goal is to first establish desirable additional criteria and then to develop methods to determine which procedure (of those which satisfy the standard criteria) is optimal relative to the new criteria. To be considered will be measures of a plan's ability to detect a sudden drop in quality (such as ARL).     

Risk preference,multiple attributes,and multiple criteria in bayesian acceptance sampling plans

Although there has been considerable research directed toward developing Bayesian acceptance sampling plans, little consideration has been given to incorporating a decision-maker's risk attitude or treating such problems in terms of multiple-type defects and multiple criteria. We review our own work which is focused on the above issues. A model incorporating risk preference is shown to yield substantial differences in the characteristics of an optimal sampling plan relative to a typical Bayesian linear cost (risk neutral) model. Bayesian models and optimization schemes for a variety of multiple-type defect plans are reviewed. A bicriterion acceptance model, employing average outgoing quality and average inspection cost is also formulated. Traditional versus interactive optimization procedures are compared empirically in terms of ease of use, satisfaction with solutions, and insight gained into the problem.     

Some experiences using MIL-STD-105 in the united states air force

The historical and, to some extent, the current role of attribute inspection sampling in the United States Air Force is described. Some insight into consideration culminating in revisions made to the original MIL-STD-105 sampling plans is provided. These revisions were motivated from a practitioner's perspective rather than that of a statistical expert. Some significant administrative applications within the Air Force are described, and a practical method, based on the total amount of inspection, is given for distinguishing between sampling plans that have a fixed risk level (i.e., common value on the OC curves).     

Design of sequential sampling inspection plans with screening based on minimal lattice paths

In this article we propose new sequential sampling inspection plans with screening indexed by LTPD and AOQL, in which the alternative of accepting or rejecting a lot is decided by the results of sequential sampling plans, based on the minimal lattice paths. It is illustrated that the average total inspection can be economized by using both of the proposed sequential sampling inspection plans, with screening indexed by LTPD and AOQL, respectively. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

浅析建筑物鉴定中的计数抽样方案

在介绍计数型抽样检验原理的基础上,从建筑物鉴定检测的特点出发提出了采用相应抽样检验国家标准的建议。指出GB/T50344-2004《建筑结构检测技术标准》中关于计数抽样检测方案的规定失之过松,有可能给建筑物的检测或鉴定留下安全隐患,不宜采用。     

A comparison of several attribute sampling plans

The purpose of this research is to examine several types of procedures for attribute sampling inspection-the widely used Military Standard 105D plans [8], the lesser known Double Zero plans as developed by Ellis [4] and the Narrow Limit gaging plans of Ott and Mundel [9]. Each of the procedures is described with an effort made to illuminate their more subtle features. Then the plans are compared, whence it is revealed that (i) Narrow Limit gaging plans have a serious weakness in comparison to the others and (ii) Double Zero plans tend to be essentially conservative, but that sufficiently tight Military Standard 105D plans can be selected to achieve comparable performance in all ways.     

An analysis of the long range operating characteristics of the MIL-STD-105D sampling scheme and some suggested modifications

An integral part of the MIL–STD–105D scheme for sampling inspection by attributes is the transfer from normal inspection to reduced or tightened inspection when the historical record of inspected lots suggests unusually good or bad quality. The switching rules in MIL–STD–105D have been criticized, especially by Japanese manufacturers, as being too severe when what is defined as acceptable quality material is submitted. This paper examines the long range fraction of lots rejected for several MIL–STD–105D sampling plans by using the MIL–STD–105D switching rules, using a modification suggested by the Japanese Standards Association, and by using a second modification developed by the authors. The Japanese Standards Association switching rules are more complex than those in MIL–STD–105D. It is demonstrated that they lead to improved long–range properties for Normal–Tightened–Reduced schemes, but to poorer properties for Normal–Tightened schemes. A simplified set of switching rules is suggested, wherein the “limit numbers” in MIL–STD–105D are eliminated. In comparison to MIL–STD–105D, the simpler rules lead to a lower probability of rejection for good lots and a comparable probability of rejection for bad lots.     

Evaluation of an integrated supplier-buyer quality-control system

In this article, a quality-control design framework that employs information for the supplier-buyer system is modeled. Significant operational savings may be obtained by using the integrated plans developed under this framework. This is especially true when the cost of a defective is high, and the variable sampling and rework costs are low. Analysis of the interaction of defective, rework, and variable sampling costs reveals that the savings are the result of a shift of control effort from the process-control to the lot-acceptance stage, which is the consequence of tradeoffs involving both stages. The managerial impact of adopting integrated plans is discussed.     

带有先验分布的Bayes统计抽样方案费用评价模型

以往在评价和比较几个统计抽样方案时,多从比较分析两种风险率入手,由于这种方法的局限性,往往不能得出满意的结论。本文利用Bayes方法,在给出先验分布及有关损失函数的条件下,从各种抽样方案的平均总损失入手比较几个可选方案的优良性。本文提供的与二项分布相对应的算法具有一般意义。示例所得结果也是令人满意的。     

Empirical bayes single sampling plans for specified posterior consumer and producer risks

Empirical Bayes single-sample acceptance sampling procedures are derived. These procedures assume that the lot fraction defective varies randomly according to a completely unknown and unspecified prior distribution. The unknown prior density function is estimated based on sampling results from previous lots. A procedure is developed for obtaining single-sampling plans that achieve specified posterior consumer and producer risks. The procedures are illustrated for a real-data example.     

Qmp/USP: A modern alternative to MIL-STD-105D

The Quality Measurement Plan (QMP) and the Universal Sampling Plan (USP) are the data analysis and sampling plans for the AT&T Technologies quality audit. This article describes QMP/USP, an acceptance sampling plan based on QMP and USP principles. QMPIUSP is a complete acceptance sampling system. It combines the elements of classical rectification inspection plans with those of MIL-STD-IOSD. There is no switching between plans, no tables of numbers to look through, and no discontinue state. QMP/USP is a computerized, self-contained system that features:

• Acceptance decisions based on the QMP Bayes empirical Bayes analysis of current and past sampling result
• Sample size selection based on USP, i.e., lot size, AQL, a cost ratio, the QMP analysis, and a budget constraint
• Guaranteed AOQ
• A complete statistical analysis of the quality process.

In this article, we describe the operation of QMP/USP and compare its performance with that of MIL-STD-IOSD. The comparison is made under many different quality environments with many metrics. Our results show that QMP/USP and MIL/STD/IOSD perform similarly for the environments where quality could be described as “in control”; and that QMPlUSP is superior in the environments where quality is “out of control”.     

模糊群体决策的多方案评价方法

针对多方案评估中因素评价难于精确表示的问题,提出了一种基于模糊语言变量和OWA(OrderedWeightedAveraging)集结算子的群体评价模型与方法,给出各因素的方案两两对比偏好语言评价值,并通过对多决策者、子因素、主因素的三次集结和对模型中α值的恰当选取,可得到方案集的优序排列。该方法可行、有效,可为群体决策提供新的途径。     

标准型方案与链型方案的转换

在考虑标准型方案与链型方案抽查特性曲线基本一致的前提下,研究了标准型方案与链型方案样本量之间的差异,指出在同样的辨别力条件下,链型方案可比标准型方案节省大量的样本。在生成等效方案的过程中,本文利用求累积和搜索法,较好地解决了大样本方案生成的计算问题。     

A backward recursive technique for optimal sequential sampling plans

This paper presents a procedure akin to dynamic programming for designing optimal acceptance sampling plans for item-by-item inspection. Using a Bayesian procedure, a prior distribution is specified, and a suitable cost model is employed depicting the cost of sampling, accepting or rejecting the lot. An algorithm is supplied which is digital computer oriented.     

计数抽样检查标准ISO2859、JISZ9015、GB2828放宽检查抽样方案优良性分析

文对ISO2859、JISZ9015和GB2828三个标准的放宽检查抽样方案的OC和ASN曲线进行了全面的计算和分析,重点讨论了上述标准的二次和多次抽样方案的等效性和有效性,并对各标准优良性进行了分析和评价。     

Variable sampling plans for normal distribution indexed by Taguchi's loss function

Taguchi has presented an approach to quality improvement in which reduction of deviation from the target value is the guiding principle. In this approach any measured value x of a product characteristic X brings a loss to consumer in general, where the loss is expressed as a quadratic form with respect to the difference between the measured value x and the target value T of a product characteristic. Then, it is natural to reject the lot which may bring a large loss to consumer. This concept induces us to construct new variable sampling plans based on the Taguchi's loss criterion. In this article, a design procedure of the sampling plans for assuring the loss in the Taguchi's method is proposed. Some numerical results based on the proposed design procedures are illustrated. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 44: 591–603 (1997)