高层建筑火灾扑救战斗编成问题研究

高层建筑发生火灾火势蔓延迅速,人员疏散困难,灭火救援人员体力消耗大,火场供水保障困难,通过对高层建筑火灾扑救面临的难点的分析,提出了扑救高层建筑火灾的战斗力量编成模式及注意事项。     

高层建筑灭火救援供水方式实际应用分析

高层建筑火场供水问题是灭火救援能否取得成功的关键,对其供水方式进行研究具有重要意义和紧迫性.按“固、内、外”三个类别,从固定设施、移动装备、现场环境和人员等方面,就现有高层建筑常用供水方式的优缺点进行论述,并结合供水方式的优缺点,就供水车数量确定、水带铺设方式、移动供水装备选用、熟悉演练等方面提出建议,以期提高高层建筑供水水平.     

高层建筑火灾扑救限制因素及提高扑救能力的措施

高层建筑火灾具有火灾蔓延途径多、火灾荷载大、扑救难度大等特点,易造成群死群伤的严重后果。在火灾扑救中,主要有举高消防车的高度、出警速度极限、人员疏散与战斗进攻路线、战斗员体能和火场供水等五个方面的限制因素。从实战出发,提出了增强高层建筑火灾灭火救援能力应采取的措施。     

串联供水和运水供水的选择

本文通过对新型消防车供水能力的分析,结合火场供水常用的两种方式,计算出所需消防车数量,提出如何选择火场供水方法。     

火场灭火车泵出口压力估算

在灭火战斗中,火场供水的好与坏,直接影响灭火战斗的成败,而火场供水却与灭火车泵出口压力密切相关,为此,本文提出一种简便估算火场灭火车泵出口压力的方法,供参考。 根据火场供水理论,灭火车泵出口压力按下式进行计算:     

重特大火灾灭火救援作战供水保障问题研究

为了更有效的搞好重特大火灾的扑救工作,供水保障成为火场指挥员必须研究的课题和火场必须解决的问题。结合自身基层工作的经验,通过对大量典型案例总结分析,归纳出重特大火灾扑救火场供水保障工作的特点和存在的问题,并从加强水源建设;科学运用供水方法;统一指挥,合理编成;搞好装备保障等四方面提出做好供水保障的具体措施。为消防部队在今后的灭火救援作战供水保障工作中,提供有益的借鉴和思考。     

火场逃生的原则

在火场上如何正确处理逃生与救人、逃生与救物、逃生与抢险、逃生与灭火的关系,是一个值得探讨的现实问题。我认为,火场逃生的原则基本上可用16个字来概括,即:确保安全、     

中水回用技术及其在建筑消防中的应用

随着我国经济的迅速发展，火灾起数和损失也不断增加，在许多城市总结火灾原因时，往往涉及消防水源缺乏导致小火酿成大灾的问题，更显消防供水设施建设的重要性。因此，消防给水规划是城市消防规划的一个重要方面。水仍然是我国目前应用最广泛的灭火剂，消防用水对水的质量并无特殊要求，用城市污水处理系统的产物——中水，来满足城市消防供水的需要，解决目前城市消防供水水压偏低，无法保证火场需要的问题，是城市消防供水的新途径，既环保又适用而且节约宝贵的水资源，是未来城市消防供水的发展方向。     

撤离火场前检查火场5C标准的设计与实践

目前,在国内未出台对公安消防队撤离火场前检查火场内容和具体方法的相关规定,且全国已出现多例不规范撤离火场现场导致消防队被拆的案例的情况下,笔者结合相关法规和实践,设计了撤离火场前检查火场的＂5C＂标准。该标准对于指导和规范消防队灭火行动具有一定的作用。     

基于模糊综合评价的高层建筑火灾风险评估模型

针对高层建筑火灾安全性问题,基于系统工程原则并征求专家意见,建立高层建筑火灾风险的多层次评价因素集,并用层次分析法确定了各评价因素的权重,根据模糊综合评价原理提出了火灾风险的模糊综合评价模型。研究表明,所建立的模型对高层建筑火灾的风险评价具有较好的应用价值。     

于综合大学教师教育专业课程设置的分析

综合大学举办教师教育是世界教育事业发展的趋势。目前我国综合大学在教师教育专业课程设置方面存在着诸多弊端。改革综合大学的教育专业课程设置成为当务之急。针对综合大学教育专业课程设置中的问题,本文提出了一些较为可行的改革对策和建议,以期优化综合大学教育专业课程的设置。     

新疆高校意识形态领域反分裂斗争的再认识

新形势下新疆高校思想政治工作面临着新情况、新问题。高校是新疆意识形态领域反分裂斗争的主战场，本文就如何进一步加强新疆高校形态领域反分裂斗争提出了具体的建议和对策。     

Thomas Firth and Sons – Steelmakers to the Arms Industries. Part 2: Heavy Armaments

Firth’s were the first of the Sheffield steel makers to enter the field armaments. Their involvement with Colt has been outlined in an article in the journal of the Colt Collectors Association in America and their activities as steelmakers to the small-arms industries has been covered in a previous issue of this Journal. This article gives a brief overview of their involvement as manufacturers in the field of heavy armaments, being the first to make all-steel guns and their evolving role in the use of steel for ordnance, culminating in the displacement of wrought iron by the adoption of steel for ordnance manufacture by the Royal Gun Factory in the 1880s. It also highlights their development of stainless steel in this context.     

Unraveling the violence in Kazakhstan

There were several high-profile violent incidents in 2011 in Kazakhstan, including several bombings, shootings that targeted police, and a protest turned clash that resulted in a number of deaths. Some of the perpetrators reportedly had links with radical religious groups. An overlooked aspect of the violence is how it is reported in Kazakhstan. There are active, competent media in Kazakhstan, which are largely unknown in the West. An examination of these incidents using the media in Kazakhstan can provide a unique insight into what took place. While Western sources quickly blamed radical religious groups with international connections, media in Kazakhstan have found that there are other reasons for the violence.     

Cognitivism,prospect theory,and foreign policy change: a comparative analysis of the politics of counterinsurgency in Malaya and Afghanistan

This article investigates the cognitive limitations on policy change in counterinsurgency (COIN) efforts by examining why American decision-makers failed to revise their government strategy substantially while fighting the insurgency in Afghanistan in 2003–2014 and why their British counterparts were more successful in adjusting their policies in the Malayan insurgency in 1948–1954. Unlike most of the COIN literature that concentrates on military strategy and tactics, the analysis of government policy-making in Malaya holds some important political lessons for American leaders today despite differences between the insurgencies in Afghanistan and British Malaya. As a response to the criticism of COIN studies in general that they lack theoretical guidance, this article utilizes an integrated cognitivist-prospect theory framework. It is argued that some of the COIN literature mistakenly suggests that a more difficult strategic situation was primarily responsible for American failure in Afghanistan. Instead, American decision-makers faced a more difficult task cognitively than their British counterparts, as policy change in Afghanistan would have required greater ideational change. American principals were much more attached to their beliefs emotionally, had no alternative problem representation, and had to shift between frames in order to engineer a response that was more in line with events on the ground in Afghanistan. Regarding prospect theory, findings indicate that gains frames appear to be unhelpful in monitoring progress until catastrophic failure endangers the reference point, and that decision-makers often have more than one reference point to attune their policies to, which often results in suboptimal choices with regard to at least one reference point.     

信息化训练场中雷达电磁兼容问题

电磁兼容是现代战场和电子对抗训练中影响装备作战效能和部队作战能力的重要因素,针对训练场雷达电磁兼容问题进行了研究,重点分析了雷达在电磁兼容环境下所形成的多种干扰条纹,然后从空域、时域、频域等多个方面初步探讨了解决信息化战场和训练场雷达电磁兼容问题的方法,相关研究对于训练中雷达电磁兼容管理和干扰效果评估具有重要参考价值.     

Casualty Rates of US Military Personnel During the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan

Abstract

In Operation Iraqi Freedom, which ended in August 2010, nearly 3500 hostile deaths occurred among US military personnel and 32,000 more were wounded in action (WIA). More than 1800 hostile deaths occurred during Operation Enduring Freedom (in and around Afghanistan) through 2014 and about 20,000 were WIA. A larger proportion of wounded personnel survived in Iraq and Afghanistan than during the Vietnam War, but the increased survival rates were not as high as some studies have asserted. The survival rates were 90.2% in Iraq and 91.6% in Afghanistan, compared with 86.5% in Vietnam. The casualty rates varied between the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and before, during, and after the respective surges. Amputation rates are difficult to measure consistently, but I estimate that 2.6% of all WIA and 9.0% of medically evacuated WIA from the Iraq and Afghanistan theaters combined resulted in the major loss of a limb. Elevated non-hostile death rates (including deaths due to accidents, illnesses, homicides, or suicides) resulted in about 220 more deaths in Iraq and about 200 more deaths in Afghanistan than would have been expected in peacetime among populations of the size deployed to those two conflicts.     

Stopping Suicide Attacks: Optimal Strategies and Unintended Consequences

We study the behavior of defense spending in Switzerland over 1975–2001. Our main interest is in determining how neutrality in international affairs (non‐membership in military alliances) affects defense spending. We find that neutrality is associated with a perception of lower levels of external threat; hence it confers economic benefits in the form of a smaller defense burden. However, neutrality does not fully insulate a country from variations in the level of external threat in the global system as perceived by members of military alliances. Swiss defense spending has tracked very closely the spending trends – but at a lower average level – of the United States and other NATO countries. To the extent that post‐Cold War threats, such as international terrorism, materialize primarily in the context of existing security alliances, Swiss military spending patterns observed in 1975–2001 are likely to remain the same in the future.     

Women police in the Nigerian security sector

This article details the history and philosophy behind major changes in police tradition and organisation in Nigeria in 1955. Women in the Nigeria Police Force (NPF), influenced by their background as enforcers of societal norms, developed a type of social-work-oriented policing. Using primary and secondary sources of historical information, this article discusses the origin of women in the NPF, the specialised role of women in police work, and the changes that have been effected in the roles and functions of women in policing in Nigeria. Situated within the conceptual frameworks of patriarchy and gender, this article argues that gender biases impeded the incorporation of women into the police and, when eventually introduced, gender limitations constrained their roles, operations and activities.     

Youth Between State and Rebel (Dis)Orders: Contesting Legitimacy from Below in Sub-Sahara Africa

Abstract

The Sahel has gained attention in international politics as one of the central theatres in the war on terrorism. International actors in this war seek alliances with states in the region, reinforcing the latter’s military strength and their legitimacy from outside. At the same time, increasingly-connected young populations question the legitimacy of their states, and contest that legitimacy from within and below. In the absence of states delivering any reasonable form of social contract, young people become torn between different governing orders and find themselves in a liminal space. In this article we present the cases of youth in Mali and Chad, who find themselves in a period of re-definition of their position in society and hence search for legitimate structures representation. In this search they may frame their belonging in terms of ethnicity, religion or political opposition – and increasingly also in adherence to global citizenship. New information flows and connectivity among young people in these regions, and between them and the diaspora, has given a new turn to their search for citizenship/belonging and rightful representation. However, whether their search will be successful in this geopolitical context is questionable.