基于颜色特征的喷气燃料银片腐蚀试验结果评价

传统的喷气燃料银片腐蚀评级方法(军用)存在评级准确度较低、重复性差的问题。针对该问题,提出一种基于颜色特征的银片腐蚀评级方法,开发出银片腐蚀评级软件,并搭建相应的图片获取系统。将该方法用于CIELAB颜色空间,以K均值聚类方式提取腐蚀标准色板及腐蚀银片的特征颜色,再根据距离判断银片腐蚀级别。试验结果表明,该方法与标准目测方法有较好的一致性,能够解决喷气燃料银片腐蚀评级困难的问题并实现腐蚀评级的自动化。     

喷气燃料中硫化物对银片腐蚀的量化表征

银片腐蚀主要受喷气燃料中硫化物的影响,不同种类、结构的硫化物对银片腐蚀的影响不同,从喷气燃料中硫化物系统角度来研究对银片腐蚀影响是很有意义的。采用量化自组织神经网络从定性、定量两个方面研究喷气燃料中硫化物对银片腐蚀的影响,研究结果表明,能够从喷气燃料硫化物的存在情况来预测银片腐蚀结果。     

变质喷气燃料中腐蚀性物质的确定

银片腐蚀试验是评价喷气燃料腐蚀性的重要指标。喷气燃料在运输或贮存过程中有时会发生变质,出现银片腐蚀不合格的现象。确定引起银片腐蚀的物质,对于弄清喷气燃料变质原因和制定相应的预防措施具有重要意义。通过对变质喷气燃料中腐蚀性物质的测定及对其腐蚀性的考察,确定了直接引起腐蚀的物质是元素硫、硫化氢和硫醇,其中元素硫是最主要的腐蚀性物质,硫化氢有一定腐蚀作用,硫醇单独存在时不腐蚀银片,但与元素硫共存时,对银片腐蚀有显著的促进作用。     

喷气燃料银片腐蚀物质分析

近年来，我军许多油料单位发生了合格喷气燃料在储存、运输中出现银片腐蚀不合格的问题。本文对可能引起喷气燃料银片腐蚀的各种硫化物和杂质进行了考察分析，结合XPS和AES分析，确认元素硫是银片腐蚀主要因素。腐蚀银片评级或颜色不一，系表面硫含量即硫化银晶体组成不一所致。     

二硫化碳发生水解变质及对喷气燃料银片腐蚀影响的研究

二硫化碳如果发生水解产生硫化氢，就可能导致喷气燃料银片腐蚀不合格。在不同的PH值和温度条件下对二硫化碳水解进行了研究，结果表明：二硫化碳在碱性条件和强酸性条件下，温度超过30℃就会发生水解反应，碱性越强，温度越高，反应越容易进行；对二硫化碳加入量与银片腐蚀的关系进行了研究。结果表明：二硫化碳水解不是导致银片腐蚀的主要原因。计算了不同PH值条件下二硫化碳水解反应的Gibbs焓变，所得出的结果与实验相一致。     

浅析加氢精制喷气燃料银片腐蚀的影响因素

硫化氢和元素硫是直接造成加氢精制生产过程中银片腐蚀不合格的物质.从生产环节入手,对汽提效果、非计划停工、原料性质、水、生产设备对3号喷气燃料银片腐蚀的影响进行了分析,并对生产中存在的问题提出了用精制油代替粗汽油作冷回流介质,用氢气代替水蒸气作汽提介质等整改措施.     

Amorphotheca resinae对喷气燃料影响试验研究

在一组油-水体系中接种喷气燃料特征真菌Amorphotheca resinae进行培养,另一组油-水体系作为空白对照,研究Amorphotheca resinae大量繁殖后对喷气燃料理化性能的影响。试验表明:喷气燃料的外观、颗粒度、水分离指数、酸值等受Amorphotheca resinae影响明显,密度、水反应、闪点、冰点等受影响较小。同时,该真菌的存在加剧了油罐的腐蚀,特别是界面生物膜的腐蚀更为严重。     

不同孔径滤膜对喷气燃料质量的影响

分别使用孔径为0.22,0.45,0.8,1.2,2,5μm的滤膜对喷气燃料进行过滤,测量过滤后的颗粒污染度、电导率和水分离指数,并分别在沙保氏培养基上进行真菌培养;对使用0.45μm滤膜的喷气燃料测量其过滤前后的闪点、冰点、铜片腐蚀和实际胶质等理化性能指标。结果表明:经2μm及以下孔径滤膜过滤的喷气燃料颗粒污染度小于7级,满足洁净度要求,且喷气燃料中的微生物孢子被除去;经1.2μm及以下孔径滤膜过滤的喷气燃料水分离指数增大;经0.45μm及以下孔径滤膜过滤的喷气燃料电导率降低到50 pS/m以下,低于标准要求;经0.45μm滤膜过滤前后喷气燃料的闪点、冰点、铜片腐蚀和实际胶质无明显变化。     

喷气燃料铜片腐蚀快速试验方法

针对采用GB/T 5096—1985《石油产品铜片腐蚀法》测定喷气燃料铜片腐蚀性(100℃,2 h)试验时间长的问题,采用铜箔代替铜片,考察了不同油样在铜箔厚度、腐蚀温度、腐蚀时间等试验条件下喷气燃料铜片腐蚀的快速测定方法。结果表明:在与GB/T 5096—1985相同试验条件下,铜箔的腐蚀速度比铜片快2倍多,且两者所测结果基本一致。     

喷气燃料活性硫化物分析研究现状与发展趋势

硫化物对喷气燃料质量（腐蚀性）影响甚大，测定、分析叶气燃料中硫化物具有十分重要的意义。对喷气燃料中活性硫化物，如元素硫、硫醇、硫化氢、二硫化物的分析研究进行了综述。研究发现，电位滴定方法广泛应用。对于硫醇、二硫化物类，结构或单体分析局限性大。表征“腐蚀性硫”或“活性硫”的指标与测定方法，有待完善，比如确定反应温度为恒沸点温度、统一反应时间等。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.