塞式喷管高度特性的 CFD 研究

采用NND2M差分格式 ,从考虑k-ε湍流模型的理想气体三维薄层近似NS方程出发 ,对塞式喷管内外流场以及比冲随高度变化特性进行了数值研究 ,得到了较为准确的结果。计算表明 ,塞式喷管的低空性能明显优于传统喷管 ,NND2M差分格式及相应计算软件适合于模拟复杂喷流流场 ,可用于塞式喷管发动机的研究中。     

燃烧室压力对潜入式喷管喉衬热应力的影响

为了研究燃烧室压力对固体火箭发动机潜入式喷管热应力影响规律的问题,采用商业流体软件,基于压力求解器,求解了喷管纯气相的流场,确定了燃气温度、压力、壁面对流换热系数;采用有限元软件,依据流场计算的非均布壁面压力与非均布对流换热,求解了燃烧室压力为6 MPa下的潜入式喷管热结构问题;通过地面点火试验验证了仿真模型与数值方法的有效性与准确性;采用相同计算模型与数值方法,求解了在燃烧室压力为9 MPa、12 MPa下的喷管热结构问题,揭示了燃烧室压力对喉衬热应力的影响规律。结果表明:整个工作过程,喉衬环向应力最大值为103.9 MPa,位于内表面,且随时间增大,先增大后减小;喉衬环向拉应力也随时间先增大后减小;随压力增大,对流换热系数增大,喉衬温度升高,喉衬环向拉应力增大,喉衬环向压应力减小。     

燃烧室-喷管流场数值解

本文用时间相关法计算了固体火箭发动机燃烧室─喷管亚跨声速流场数值解,控制方程用ＭａｃＣｏｒｍａｃｋ二步显格式：边界点参数用物理边界条件和参考平面上的特征方程计算。计算表明,达到收敛的数值积分步数比纯喷管的跨声速计算要多得多。虽然喷管壁上和轴线上的马赫数分布与纯喷管计算类似,但喷管中的等马赫线分布与纯喷管计算的结果［３］相差较远。     

两相流喷管面积比和扩张段型面的优化计算

喷管面积比的选择和气动型面的设计是喷管设计中的一个重要课题。本文应用二维两相喷管流场计算程序和直接优化法,对喷管面积比及扩张段型面进行了二维寻优计算。计算表明:考虑二维两相流损失的推力最大的面积比要明显小于理论最佳面积比;对于锥形喷管,能量最佳面积比大于冲重比最大的面积比,而对于特性喷管,只是稍大一些;特性喷管的最优型面,就是最佳面积比下的最佳型面。     

发动机内流场湍流数值模拟

以可压缩的全Ｎ－Ｓ方程为控制方程,用显式有限差分格式对燃烧室－－喷管轴对称湍流内流场进行了数值模拟。计算中采用ＭａｃＣｏｒｍａｃｋ两步显格式和Ｂａｌｄｗｉｎ－Ｌｏｍａｘ代数湍流模型,得到了管状装药发动机内流场的数值解,取得了令人满意的结果。此方法对发动机的设计有实际的工程参考价值。     

HYLTE与TRIP喷管在大功率氟化氘激光器中的应用对比分析

简述了燃烧驱动大功率连续波DF化学激光器的发展现状。比较了HYLTE与TRIP两种喷管的结构参数,总结了两种喷管的性能差异。采用数值模拟手段,参考相关试验数据,计算了典型增益分布对应的共焦非稳腔输出光束模式。从大功率DF激光器研制存在的光斑均匀性和腔镜负载两个难题的角度,结合喷管制造工艺要求,认为HYLTE喷管较TRIP喷管更适用于大功率DF激光器。     

采用摆动喷管推力矢量控制弹性弹体数学模型建立

针对摆动喷管不同于空气舵的特征,建立了摆动喷管坐标系,具体分析了单个摆动喷管产生的力和力矩,详细推导了采用摆动喷管推力矢量控制弹体弹性振动方程;同时基于小偏差线性化条件,推导了俯仰通道的姿态运动方程;以上方程可用于采用摆动喷管推力矢量控制弹体弹性计算和控制系统进一步设计的依据。     

微型机在喷管实验中的应用

本文主要说明在喷管实验台上,应用微型计算机进行数据采集和处理的方法。在程序控制下,可以计算、显示、打印数据和实验曲线。文中给出了喷管实验台本体和测试系统图以及实验的程序框图和实验结果。把微机用于喷管的性能测试,扩大了原喷管实验台的功能,而且更加准确迅速、机动灵活。     

固体火箭发动机二次喷射控制矢量喷管流场仿真

采用基于Favre平均的三维N-S方程和k-ε湍流模型对固体火箭发动机二次喷射推力矢量喷管复杂干扰内流场进行数值模拟。空间上采用三阶精度差分格式进行求解,时间上采用隐式Jacobi点迭代方法进行迭代推进,直至流场收敛。数值模拟得到矢量喷管二次射流的激波系结构,以及复杂的主/次流干扰流动图像。二次喷射流场包含复杂的涡系结构和波系结构,还存在着边界层与激波的相互干扰、自由剪切层、激波、膨胀波和大尺寸分离。数值模拟还表明,高温燃气射流导致喷射孔附近喷管壁面处的温度相当高,需采取相应的热防护措施。     

斜切口喷管的推力系数、推力偏角的计算

本文从理论上推导了两种工作状态下斜切口喷管的推力系数、推力偏角和无因次力矩的计算方法,并推导了这两种工作状况下的判定。通过大量实验结果,论证了计算方法的正确性。理论曲线和实验曲线基本一致,并与文献 AD683 763有关资料的相应曲线是吻合的。在设计斜切口喷管时,参考本文将是有益的。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.