复合固体推进剂等效力学性能VCFEM细观预示方法

根据固体推进剂的细观结构特征,采用等圆最优装载方式生成代表性体积单元(Representative Volume Element,RVE)模型,并结合Voronoi单元有限元方法(Voronoi Cell Finite Element Method,VCFEM)和均匀化方法,发展了一种可预示固体推进剂等效力学性能的数值分析方法,从而得到体分比和组分材料对等效模量和等效泊松比的影响规律。为证明该方法的有效性,设计一个对称数值模型,通过对该方法和传统有限元方法的节点位移结果的比较,发现两者之间的相对误差小于5%,且VCFEM用少量单元就完成了分析,提高了计算效率。通过对不同细观结构下推进剂RVE模型的计算,发现随着夹杂体分比的增大,夹杂的颗粒增强效应越明显,基体材料的变化比夹杂材料对等效力学性能有着更加显著的影响。     

推进剂“脱湿”损伤研究的内聚力单元方法

内聚力单元是进行推进剂“脱湿”损伤研究的重要手段。通过分子动力学方法构建推进剂高填充比几何模型,结合周期几何和周期边界处理方法,构建推进剂细观有限元分析模型。采用内聚力单元结合PPR内聚力模型开展颗粒和基体黏接界面“脱湿”行为模拟。在单轴拉伸和纯剪试验下分析推进剂细观结构的力学响应,开展推进剂“脱湿”损伤机理研究。针对不同的体分比、应变速率以及内聚强度,开展了“脱湿”损伤影响规律分析。研究方法和研究结论可以为新一代高性能推进剂配方的研制提供有利的参考。     

固体推进剂裂纹摩擦热点形成细观模型分析

分析机械撞击载荷作用下复合固体推进剂内部裂纹摩擦形成热点过程。研究在压应力与剪切应力作用下闭合裂纹滑移、扩展、摩擦生热、热扩散、推进剂热分解及与气相产物相互作用。利用断裂力学、热传导、推进剂热分解动力学方法,建立裂纹摩擦热点细观模型。通过模型数值计算,探讨推进剂裂纹摩擦产生高温热点的过程和条件。分析计算表明裂纹摩擦和扩展可导致推进剂形成高温热点。     

固体推进剂的粘弹性损伤分析及有关理论探讨(中文摘要)

作为一种燃料,复合固体推进剂(以下简称推进剂)为火箭提供巨大的动力。由推进剂制成的药柱必须有足够的强度和耐久性,以防止在貯存、运输及运行过程中发生破损。因此,在药柱的研制、设计中需要了解和掌握推进剂的力学性能,进行各种工况下药柱的结构完整性分析以及作必要的强度、刚度或稳定性计算和寿命预测。推进剂材料是由高分子基体和固体颗粒(含量86～90%)混合而成,其力学性能依赖于时间、温度及加载和变形历史。在变形过程中还件随有微孔穴、微裂纹的萌生、演变、聚结以及分子链、键断裂等损伤现象,其宏观表象相当复杂。对这类材料的力学性     

聚氨酯型复合推进剂的性能研究

本文研究聚氨酯型复合推进剂的力学性能和燃烧性能,给出了提高推进剂力学性能的有效途径,测试了推进剂燃烧性能的基本特征参数,采用光电子能谱(ESCA)对这种复合推进剂的界面作用机理进行了微观探讨.     

定应变作用下NEPE推进剂老化特性及寿命预估研究

为考察定应变作用下NEPE推进剂的老化特性,研究了20%定应变作用下NEPE推进剂贮存老化过程中力学性能、凝胶性能和界面性能的变化.研究结果表明:定应变作用下NEPE推进剂在贮存老化过程中最大抗拉强度降低,最大延伸率变化较小,其老化失效主要表现为强度的失效;定应变下NEPE推进剂的凝胶百分数和粘附功随老化时间的延长而降低,NEPE推进剂粘合剂基体的降解断裂和界面的"脱湿"是其主要的老化机理;定应变下NEPE推进剂的力学性能与细观性能的相关性研究表明,最大抗拉强度与凝胶百分数和粘附功存在相关关系,计算了其关系式,建立了由细观性能评估推进剂宏观力学性能的方法;选择最大抗拉强度下降30%时失效,20%定应变下NEPE推进剂的贮存寿命为8.3年.     

进气道角度对含硼推进剂固冲发动机性能的影响

为了提高含硼推进剂固体火箭冲压发动机内硼颗粒的燃烧效率,采用颗粒轨道模型进行了补燃室两相流的数值模拟,其中硼颗粒的点火和燃烧模型采用的是King模型,建立了发动机补燃室内简单反应流模型,在该模型下研究了进气道的位置对非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机燃烧效率的影响,并在此基础上进行直连式试验研究.结果表明,后进气道角度为60°时的燃烧效率比90°时高.     

复合陶瓷含片状夹杂共晶体的理论断裂强度

应用四相模型法研究含片状夹杂复合共晶体的细观应力场．在基体、界面相和片状夹杂为各向同性的条件下,得到细观应力分布规律,并表现出明显的尺度效应．应用位错塞积理论研究片状夹杂内的位错运动,通过两相界面处位错塞积产生的应力集中确定其在基体内产生的最大张应力,导致基体首先被破坏失效,当基体内最大张应力等于分子理论的断裂强度时,得到共晶体断裂强度的理论表达式．结果表明：含片状夹杂共晶复合陶瓷强度随夹杂厚度增加而减小．     

固体推进剂燃烧转爆轰研究通过鉴定

固体推进剂燃烧转爆轰研究于1986年9月25日在国防科技大学通过鉴定。现代固体火箭发动机装药量很大,发动机尺寸达数米;推进剂的能量也愈来愈高,有些推进剂中还加有高能炸药。人们担心,在推进剂生产、贮存和导弹使用中是否会出现燃烧向爆轰转变的灾难性后果?如何控制和避免这种现象?必须从实验和理论上进行研究。因此,该课题是固体推进剂技术与强动载荷技术领域中一项重要的研究课题。     

怎样给火箭“加油”？

<正>火箭垂直转运至发射区,在完成火箭功能检查、联合测试工作以及最终确认状态后,就来到了发射前的最后一步——火箭推进剂加注,也就是我们通常所说的给火箭“加油”。推进剂,火箭的血液就像飞驰的汽车需要添加汽油燃料一样,火箭也需要添加自己的燃料,这种火箭专用的燃料被称为推进剂,推进剂按照状态分为固体推进剂和液体推进剂两大类。固体推进剂类似于烟花中所需的火药。固体推进剂因能量密度大,可以减小火箭尺寸等特点,它在出厂前就已经填充于火箭中,不需要在发射场临时加注,因而可大大缩短发射准备时间。固体推进剂一般多用于小型、快速发射的火箭以及大型运载火箭的助推级中。液体推进剂本身具有易燃易爆的危险,同时又具有流动性、易泄     

围压下固体推进剂的破坏机理分析

贴壁浇筑的固体发动机推进剂药柱在点火状态下处于三向围压状态,而环向承受拉应变,亟待对围压下推进剂的破坏机理展开研究。基于自研的围压加载试验系统,通过开展推进剂在不同围压、温度和应变率下的单轴拉伸试验来研究围压、温度和应变率的耦合作用对推进剂力学行为的影响。针对围压下推进剂的力学响应特征,通过细观力学仿真进一步研究围压下推进剂的破坏形式,同时借助电镜扫描试验分析推进剂试样断面的形貌特征,通过试验和仿真相结合的手段分析了围压下推进剂的破坏机理。研究结果表明,围压下推进剂的损伤界面显著减少,且随着围压载荷的逐渐增加,推进剂的损伤形式从以颗粒脱湿为主转变为以颗粒破碎为主。     

Recent advances in catalytic combustion of AP-based composite solid propellants

Composite solid propellants (CSPs) have widely been used as main energy source for propelling the rockets in both space and military applications. Internal ballistic parameters of rockets like characteristic exhaust velocity, specific impulse, thrust, burning rate etc., are measured to assess and control the performance of rocket motors. The burn rate of solid propellants has been considered as most vital parameter for design of solid rocket motors to meet specific mission requirements. The burning rate of solid propellants can be tailored by using different constituents, extent of oxidizer loading and its particle size and more commonly by incorporating suitable combustion catalysts. Various metal oxides (MOs), complexes, metal powders and metal alloys have shown positive catalytic behaviour during the com-bustion of CSPs. These are usually solid-state catalysts that play multiple roles in combustion of CSPs such as reduction in activation energy, enhancement of rate of reaction, modification of sequences in reaction-phase, influence on condensed-phase combustion and participation in combustion process in gas-phase reactions. The application of nanoscale catalysts in CSPs has increased considerably in recent past due to their superior catalytic properties as compared to their bulk-sized counterparts. A large surface-to-volume ratio and quantum size effect of nanocatalysts are considered to be plausible reasons for improving the combustion characteristics of propellants. Several efforts have been made to produce nanoscale combustion catalysts for advanced propellant formulations to improve their energetics. The work done so far is largely scattered. In this review, an effort has been made to introduce various combustion catalysts having at least a metallic entity. Recent developments of nanoscale combustion catalysts with their specific merits are discussed. The combustion chemistry of a typical CSP is briefly discussed for providing a better understanding on role of combustion catalysts in burning rate enhancement. Available information on different types of combustion nanocatalysts is also presented with critical comments.     

Controllable combustion behaviors of the laser-controlled solid propellant

Microsatellites have been widely applied in the fields of communication,remote sensing,navigation and science exploration due to its characteristics of low cost,flexible launch mode and short development period.However,conventional solid-propellant have difficulties in starting and interrupting combustion because combustion is autonomously sustained after ignition.Herein,we proposed a new type of solid-propellant named laser-controlled solid propellant,which is sensitive to laser irradiation and can be started or interrupted by switching on/off the continuous wave laser.To demonstrate the feasibility and investigate the controllable combustion behaviors under different laser on/off conditions,the combus-tion parameters including burning rate,ignition delay time and platform pressure were tested using pressure sensor,high-speed camera and thermographic camera.The results showed that the increase of laser-on or laser-off duration both will lead to the decrease of propellant combustion performance during re-ignition and re-combustion process.This is mainly attributed to the laser attenuation caused by the accumulation of combustion residue and the change of chamber ambient temperature.Simultaneously,the multiple ignition tests revealed that the increased chamber ambient temperature after combustion can make up for the energy loss of laser attenuation and expansion of chamber cavity.However,the laser-controlled combustion performance of solid propellant displayed a decrease trend with the addi-tion of ignition times.Nevertheless,the results still exhibited good laser-controlled agility of laser-controlled solid propellant and manifested its inspiring potential in many aspects of space missions.     

固体燃料冲压发动机飞行性能分析

固体燃料冲压发动机性能通过进气道与导弹飞行工况关联在一起,其工作过程需考虑导弹飞行参数对发动机性能的影响。与其它冲压发动机相比,固体燃料冲压发动机一个显著特点是推进剂燃烧过程不仅与推进剂配方、发动机结构和燃烧室压强有关,还取决于燃烧室入口空气参数,因此工作过程较为复杂。在国内首次建立固体燃料冲压发动机工作过程仿真模型,并分析导弹飞行马赫数和高度对发动机性能的影响规律。     

Burning rate and other characteristics of strontium titanate (SrTiO3) supplemented AP/HTPB/Al composite propellants

In a quest of search for a new burning rate modifier for composite propellant, strontium titanate (SrTiO₃), a perovskite oxide has been chosen for evaluation in a composite propellant formulation based on its other catalytic applications. Initially, SrTiO₃ was characterized for particle size, morphology and material/phase identification (using XRD). By varying SrTiO₃ content in a standard composite propellant, different compositions were prepared and their performance and processing parameters like the end of mix (EOM) viscosity, mechanical properties, density, burning rate, pressure exponent (n-value), etc. were measured. The results reveal that 2% SrTiO₃ causes more than 12% enhancement in propellant burning rate (at 70 ksc pressure) in comparison to the standard propellant composition. The pressure exponent also increases to 0.46, whereas the standard composition was having its value as 0.35.     

固冲发动机补燃室凝相碳颗粒燃烧研究

应用改进的移动火焰锋面(MFF)模型,分析了环境压力、温度等参数对碳颗粒燃烧过程的影响。在此基础上,研究了固冲发动机补燃室内碳颗粒的燃烧过程,得到了固冲补燃室环境中的碳颗粒燃烧特性,并通过固冲直连式试验验证了数值模拟结果。结果表明:补燃室中大部分碳颗粒在进气道出口附近燃烧。     

Sandwich structure for enhancing the interface reaction of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane and nanoporous carbon scaffolds film to improve the thermal decomposition performance

Improving the thermal decomposition performance of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) by appropriate methods is helpful to promote the combustion performance of CL-20-based solid propellants. In this study, we synthesized a sandwich structure of CL-20 and nanoporous carbon scaffolds film (NCS) and emphatically studied the thermal decomposition performance of the composite structure. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were used to measure the thermal decomposition process of the composite structure. The kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition were calculated by the thermal dynamic analysis software AKTS. These results showed that the thermal decomposition performance of the sandwich structure of CL-20 and NCS was better than CL-20. Among the tested samples, NCS with a pore size of 15 nm had the best catalytic activity for the thermal decomposition of CL-20. Moreover, the thermal decomposition curve of the composite structure at the heating rate of 1 K/min was deconvoluted by mathematical method to study the thermal decomposition process. And a possible catalytic mechanism was proposed. The excellent thermal decomposition performance is due to the sandwich structure enhances the interface reaction of CL-20 and NCS. This work may promote the extensive use of CL-20 in the field of solid rocket propellant.     

Simulation of natural fragmentation of rings cut from warheads

Natural fragmentation of warheads that detonates causes the casing of the warhead to split into various sized fragments through shear or radial fractures depending on the toughness,density,and grain size of the material.The best known formula for the prediction of the size distribution is the Mott formulae,which is further examined by Grady and Kipp by investigating more carefully the statistical most random way of portioning a given area into a number of entities.We examine the fragmentation behavior of radially expanding steel rings cut from a 25 mm warhead by using an in house smooth particle hydrodynamic(SPH) simulation code called REGULUS.Experimental results were compared with numerical results applying varying particle size and stochastic fracture strain.The numerically obtained number of fragments was consistent with experimental results.Increasing expansion velocity of the rings increases the number of fragments.Statistical variation of the material parameters influences the fragment characteristics,especially for low expansion velocities.A least square regression fit to the cumulative number of fragments by applying a generalized Mott distribution shows that the shape parameter is around 4 for the rings,which is in contrast to the Mott distribution with a shape parameter of 1/2.For initially polar distributed particles,we see signs of a bimodal cumulative fragment distribution.Adding statistical variation in material parameters of the fracture model causes the velocity numerical solutions to become less sensitive to changes in resolution for Cartesian distributed particles.     

具有离解反应的推进剂高压蒸发理论探讨

文中提出了具有液相离解反应的推进剂液滴高压蒸发模型,同时还考虑了燃气中极性气体成份对液滴蒸发的影响,并以N_2O_4推进剂液滴为例分析了具有液相离解反应的推进剂蒸发规律。结果表明,此类推进剂高压蒸发并不服从非液相离解反应推进剂的t_b～(?)。规律。模型的提出为液体火箭发动机燃烧室燃烧过程分析提供了新的液滴蒸发理论数据和计算方法。