一种通用型舰载防空硬武器火力优化算法?

针对当前武器优化分配算法缺少通用性，难以兼顾效率和时间的问题，提出了一种通用型舰载防空硬武器火力优化算法。该算法首先提取各舰载武器能够攻击的目标集合，然后对各武器的目标集合逐一进行时间分配，并计算对目标的毁伤概率，最终完成所有武器的分配。计算表明，该算法具有很好的通用性和实时性，可适用于较大规模舰载防空硬武器的火力优化分配问题。     

Allocation of resources to randomly occurring opportunities

An allocation problem is considered in lvhich different kinds of resources must be allocated to various activities, within a given time period. The opportunities for allo'cation appear randomly during this period. Certain assumptions about the values of possible allocations and the distribution of occurrences of opportunities lead to a dynamic programming formulation of the problem. This leads to a system of ordinary differential equations which are (in theory) solvable recursively, and can be solved numerically to any desired degree of precision. An example is given for the allocation of aircraft-carried weapons to targets of opportunity.     

Establishment,simulation and verification of firepower safety control model

On a narrow warship platform, the coordinated use of shipborne weapon systems may cause firepower conflicts, which seriously endangers the ship safety. Meanwhile, with directed-energy weapons mounted on ships, firepower conflicts between weapons become a “high probability event”. Aiming at the problem of firepower safety control, based on the research about the collision probability model of air crafts and space targets and according to the cone of fire model of conventional weapons and directed-energy weapons, this paper solved the firepower conflict probabilities between conventional weapons as well as between conventional weapons and directed-energy weapons respectively using the methods of probability theory, and established the firepower safety control model. Then the calculation of firepower conflict probability was carried out using the dimensionality reduction method based on the equivalent conversion of polar coordinates and the power series method based on Laplace transform. The simulation results revealed that the proposed model and calculation methods are effective and reliable, which can provide theoretical basis and technical support for resolution of firepower conflicts between weapons.     

ALBANIA'S CHEMICAL WEAPONS CON

In 2003, the Albanian government declared that in late 2002 it had discovered a heretofore unknown cache of 16 tons of chemical weapons. Tirana requested and received assistance from the West in securing and destroying the materials, a task completed in 2007. Albania has been lauded for its responsible handling of the discovery and for being the first nation to complete the destruction of its chemical weapons under the terms of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). This article argues that the Albanian government has always knowingly possessed the weapons, keeping them a secret until a post-September 11, 2001 international focus on weapons of mass destruction made it politically worthwhile for Tirana to declare and destroy them. The likelihood that the governments of the West turned a willful blind eye to this chain of events is troubling for the credibility of the CWC and confidence in nonproliferation measures in general. Finally, the author recommends measures to avoid and address similar situations in the future.     

军用导航技术发展趋势

现代战争的高技术特点要求武器系统装备精密导航系统来提供精确的导航信息 ,提高武器的战斗性能。论述了惯性敏感器发展技术、GPS技术、GPS/INS组合与抗干扰问题。发展高精度、低成本、抗干扰能力强的导航系统是未来军用导航系统发展的趋势     

Striking a deal on the F-35: multinational politics and US defence acquisition

Why does joint defence production of advanced weapons systems, which appears like a logical choice at first, become harder for both the primary production state and its allies to manage and justify as the acquisition process runs its course? To answer this question, we analyze the multinational politics of the F-35 JSF with a focus on how secondary states who have bought into the program are affected by domestic politics within the primary production state. We find that US congressional and bureaucratic politics, cuts to US defence spending, and a desire to retain tight control over the program has locked allies into a program with which they have little leverage. Potentially losing the ability to fight along side the US if they don’t follow through, coupled with inter-Alliance pressures, leaves secondary states who are involved with the F-35 program, vulnerable to the whims of US domestic politics.     

一种应用于数据通道综合的定向搜索流水调度算法

流水调度是专用数字信号处理器高层综合中一个困难而急待解决的问题。给出了一种定向搜索流水调度算法 ,目标是使全面考虑了运算单元、寄存器和互连的硬件代价最小化。它作为一种利用启发信息的迭代算法 ,一方面克服了确定性算法爬峰能力差、易于陷于局部极值的缺点 ,另一方面启发信息的利用加快了搜索过程。典型设计实例显示算法性能达到或超过了目前流水调度文献报道的最好性能     

THE MYTH OF NUCLEAR DETERRENCE

Nuclear deterrence is sometimes treated as a known quantity—a definite thing that keeps us safe and ensures our security. It has also often been used as a justification for possessing nuclear weapons. Nuclear deterrence, however, is based on an unexamined notion: the belief that the threat to destroy cities provides decisive leverage. An examination of history (including recent reinterpretations of the bombing of Hiroshima) shows that destroying cities rarely affects the outcome of wars. How is it possible that an action that is unlikely to be decisive can make an effective threat? Recent work on terrorism suggests that attacks against civilians are often not only ineffective but also counterproductive. And a review of the practical record of nuclear deterrence shows more obvious failures than obvious successes. Given this, the record of nuclear deterrence is far more problematic than most people assume. If no stronger rationale for keeping these dangerous weapons can be contrived, perhaps they should be banned.     

美军航母战斗群空袭火力对地攻击效能分析

以美军航母战斗大队标准编成为例,简要分析了美军航母战斗群的空袭火力构成.进而分别建立了机载普通对地攻击弹药和巡航导弹、空地导弹对地面目标的毁伤能力的模型.然后以此为基础,从空袭兵器的突防概率、对目标的发现概率、对各类目标的毁伤概率和空袭某一目标所需的兵力四个方面,对航母战斗群空袭火力体系的对地攻击效能进行了深入研究,并建立相应的数学模型.最后根据在历次战争中得到的经验数据,对美军航母战斗群空袭火力对地攻击效能进行了计算,并分析了计算结果,为科学判断敌情提供了依据.     

符号执行火控系统诸元解算程序测试用例生成技术

火控系统作为各种武器装备的中枢和大脑,控制着武器系统的运转,其有效性直接关系着射击的成败甚至武器系统的综合效能。诸元解算程序是将各种输入条件依据弹道模型经过多次迭代转换为射击诸元,由于其复杂性,当前软件测试用例只是在几个关键点上进行校验,很难覆盖程序所有分支和路径,存在着测试不充分。针对这个问题,提出了一种基于符号执行的用例自动生成技术,结合解弹道方程组约束条件和程序分支控制变量使用符号执行框架内能够得到覆盖所有可能的执行路径,从而保证测试的充分性。     

When chaos reigns: responding to complex emergencies

This article discusses the impact of Complex Humanitarian Emergencies on the delivery of humanitarian aids. Complex emergencies were the results of long-term political and social disputes. Its impact brings about public health crises like epidemics, malnutrition, and even widespread desperation. In fact, there are four aspects of these crises which complicate public health programs: 1) emergencies are long and recurring; 2) access to the most vulnerable population is often restricted; 3) restructuring health systems in complex emergencies can be futile; and 4) complex emergencies often result in mass forced migration. What makes matters worse is the breakdown of health networks which collapse early in complex emergencies, leading to extensive losses of human health resources. Not only that, health facilities and transportation, infrastructure are often decimated in complex emergencies, and regional hospitals, district health posts, laboratories, and primary care outposts are similarly abandoned or destroyed. Moreover, because it is difficult to predict the course of these emergencies, ascertaining the optimal time to intervene and to invest in materials and facilities that could be lost to renewed fighting can be impossible. To solve this problem requires a coordinated effort. It should also focus on resources, early warning systems, preparedness measures, ongoing career training of relief workers, and prepositioning of relief supplies.     

READY,SET, TRACE

Tracing small arms and light weapons has been identified as an important component in reducing the illicit trafficking of weapons to regions of conflict as well as use in violent crime. At the national, regional and international levels policy makers and practitioners are working to make tracing more effective. This article outlines some of the key elements of an effective tracing regime and reviews where areas of agreement currently exist. It concludes with observations on some of the challenges facing countries as they try to implement these systems and respond to the problem of illicit arms trafficking.     

弹炮混编防空群兵力分配模型

针对对付现代日益发展的空袭手段的一种有效方法--弹炮混编防空布势中存在的防空武器种类繁多,兵力分配复杂,难以充分发挥各自效能的问题,建立了非线性规划模型,利用动态规划对该模型进行分析,运用拉格朗日降维法进行降维,将三维降为二维.经防空作战的实例验证该算法不但能将两维降到单维,而且还可以将多维降到单维,能节省计算机的内存使用率,提高仿真计算的速度,符合信息化条件下指挥决策实时化的要求且分配效果较好.     

仿真在制导兵器试验与鉴定中的应用

制导兵器向信息化方向发展,对制导兵器试验与鉴定技术提出了新的要求.针对这些新要求,介绍了国外制导兵器仿真试验技术现状和方法,论述了仿真在制导兵器试验与鉴定中的作用,设计了制导兵器半实物仿真试验系统及其试验模式.得出结论认为,建立实际飞行试验与半实物仿真试验相结合的综合试验模式,是仿真技术在制导兵器试验与鉴定中应用的发展方向.     

火箭武器在登陆破障作战中的应用

在登陆作战中，障碍破除任务尤其是直前破障和陆上破障具有兵力机动困难、工作强度大、作业时限短、受敌火力威胁大和技术要求高等特点。同时，高技术条件下，岸滩障碍设置越来越复杂，抢滩登陆作战节奏快、时间紧，对破障行动的准确性和时效性提出了更高要求。目前的破障装备存在射程近、精度低、效率低等不足，难以应对瞬息万变的战场态势。近年来，随着技术的进步，火箭武器得到了较大发展，具有射程远、精度高、威力大及信息化程度高等优势，已基本具备战役全纵深内的远程精确打击能力，未来将在登陆破障作战中发挥重要作用。本文结合登陆破障作战环境和火箭武器特点及发展趋势，探索了火箭武器在登陆破障作战中的应用，以期为军队未来破障装备的发展提供可选思路。     

基于排队论的防空兵力部署优化模型

兵力部署优化问题是防空指控系统的重要研究内容之一。针对多型防空武器多层多区段混合部署问题,对异型空袭武器和防空武器基于作战效能标准化处理,基于排队论给出空袭武器的突防概率计算模型,将防空武器系统综合防御效能作为优化目标,建立多型防空武器扇形部署优化模型。仿真实验验证了优化模型的有效性和合理性,可为科学制定兵力部署方案提供参考。     

蚁群算法及其在火力分配问题中的应用

火力分配问题是指用一定数量的武器对一定数量的目标进行打击,如何根据武器性能和目标特性等一系列的因素,制定打击计划,使打击效果最好,满足打击需求,是我二炮部队火力运用专业的研究课题之一.火力分配问题是NP难题,经典的求解算法存在指数级的时间复杂度.采用蚁群优化算法,对该问题进行了研究.     

Aircraft weapon budgeting

This article considers the problem of allocating a fixed budget among alternative air-to-ground weapons. The weapon-budgeting problem is high-dimensional, involving all feasible combinations of aircraft, weapons, and targets. The decision maker's utility function is defined over kills of the various target types, but it is unrealistic to expect him to write down the mathematical formula for this function. The article suggests two procedures for reducing the dimension of the maximization problem and operating without exact knowledge of the utility function. The first procedure uses successive linear approximations to generate the set of “efficient” or undominated weapon allocations. The second procedure applies separability restrictions to the utility function, thereby reducing the overall maximization problem to a sequence of low-dimensional subproblems.     

The constrained shortest path problem

The shortest path problem between two specified nodes in a general network possesses the unimodularity property and, therefore, can be solved by efficient labelling algorithms. However, the introduction of an additional linear constraint would, in general, destroy this property and the existing algorithms are not applicable in this case. This paper presents a parametric approach for solving this problem. The algorithm presented would require, on the average, a number of iterations which is polynomially bounded. The similarity of this approach to that of the generalized Lagrange multiplier technique is demonstrated and a numerical example is presented.     

Boost-glide Weapons and US-China Strategic Stability

ABSTRACT

The United States and China are testing boost-glide weapons, long-range strike systems capable of flying at Mach 5 or faster through the upper atmosphere. For the United States, these systems would provide a conventional prompt global strike capability, which, together with US ballistic missile defense programs, Chinese experts regard as a threat to China's ability to conduct nuclear retaliation. This perception is encouraging the Chinese military to modify its nuclear posture in ways that tend to create greater risks for both sides. If China's own boost-glide systems are meant to carry nuclear payloads only, their deployment would not fundamentally alter the current situation between the two states. However, if they were conventionally armed or dual-purpose, or if the United States could not determine the payloads they carried, the deployment of Chinese boost-glide systems could compound problems of strategic stability created by the introduction of ballistic missile defense, antisatellite, and antiship ballistic missile capabilities. If the technical hurdles can be overcome, it may be difficult for the two sides to refrain from these deployments in the absence of strong mutual trust or an established arms-control relationship. New confidence-building measures and expanded mutual transparency are warranted to avoid creating new dangers.