抗战时期陕甘宁边区的节约运动

陕甘宁边区作为抗战时期中国共产党领导敌后抗战的总后方,在创建发展进程中,积累了政治、经济、文化、社会建设等方面的丰富历史经验.其推行的节约运动,为解决边区财政困难、巩固红色政权直至抗战取得最终胜利提供了坚实保障.陕甘宁边区的节约运动,对于当下发扬艰苦奋斗精神,厉行节俭,反对奢靡浪费,树立良好社会风气具有重要的借鉴意义.     

反对本位主义:透视抗战时期晋绥边区公粮征收的一个视角CSSCI

在全国抗战时期,中共晋绥边区行署为保障抗日党政军需,制定了按实际产量征收救国公粮的制度。但不管是农户个人,还是整个村社,亦或是特定群体,都或多或少出现过隐瞒地亩和产量的行为。边区行署认为本位主义是此现象产生的诱因之一,为解决此问题一方面向干部和民众开展思想政治教育,强调抗战利益和民众利益彼此一致,向民众宣传为抗日负担的意识,向干部倡导“大仁政”的革命观;另一方面通过制度设计贯彻落实公粮数字,通过派遣工作团、村干部对调等方式,采取调查农户收入、自报评议登记、施以惩处等措施,防控了本位主义在公粮征收中的风险。这些举措不但为坚持持久抗战提供了物质保障,而且在某种程度上达成了户与户、村与村之间的均衡,增强了民众对中共及其政权的认同,为解放战争时期和中华人民共和国成立后加强和改进公粮征收工作提供了有益借鉴。     

抗战时期粤汉铁路运输之考察

抗战前,国民政府发行庚款公债,加速株韶段铁路建设;抽换钢轨、枕木,提高粤汉铁路营运能力;储备铁路物资,训练铁路员工;修筑黄埔支线,联接广九、粤汉铁路,为战时铁路运输作了充分的准备。粤汉铁路在广州、武汉会战中,承担着沉重的军事运输任务,在抗战初期更是中国政府获取国际援助及出口物资最重要的国际交通线。广州、武汉沦陷后,尤其在长沙会战期间,粤汉铁路仍然竭力承担着国内军队、军需品及其他抗战物资的运输任务。因而,在抗战时期,备战加速了粤汉铁路的建设,但粤汉铁路又为抗战运输做出了贡献。     

国债与国债市场

国债,顾名思义就是国家债券,即国家(一般是财政部代表中央政府)作为债务人,面向国内机构和个人发行的、到期还本付息的国内公债。国家通过发行国债把社会上的闲散资金集中起来,支持改革开放和经济建设的顺利进行,保障社会经济的协调发展。     

抗战时期国民政府战费筹措评析

抗战时期，国民政府为了满足战争的需要，通过增加税收，发行公债，特别是增发纸币，筹措了大量的战费。这些措施既有积极作用，同时也产生了诸多负面影响。     

晋察冀抗日根据地三结合武装体制研究

抗战期间,聂荣臻领导下的晋察冀抗日根据地遵循抗战规律,根据抗战的根本对抗性质、游击战争的战略方针和晋察冀根据地的抗战特点,形成了主力部队、地方部队和人民武装三结合的武装体制。主力部队是边区的正规军,是开创和保卫根据地的支柱,肩负着主要的集中对敌作战任务。地方部队是边区从军区到各县党政机关领导下的脱离生产的、地方性的、固定的抗日子弟武装,是主力部队坚持敌后游击战争的重要帮手和兵源补充力量。人民武装是边区群众广泛参与、坚持本地斗争、不脱离生产的群众性武装组织,主要由民兵自卫队组成,是补充地方部队和主力部队的重要源泉。通过三结合武装体制,晋察冀根据地实现了武装力量之间的流畅转化和紧密配合,实现了最广大数量群众的军事组织化,最终赢得了抗战的胜利。     

抗日战争时期华侨航空救国运动与对日空战

抗日战争时期,海外广大爱国侨胞以各种形式开展航空救国活动,为祖国培养和输送空勤人材,抗击日本空中侵略者,为抗日战争做出了不朽的贡献。一、抗战期间华侨的航空救国运动华侨航空救国运动从“九·一八”事变后即已开始。建立华侨航空学校,为祖国抗战培养输送空勤人材,是华侨开展航空救国运动的一项重要内容。“九·一八”事变后,日本侵华步步加紧。美国旧金山、波特兰、纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥、底特律、匹兹堡、檀香山、菲尼克斯、图森以及加拿大等地的华侨纷纷创办航空学校或组织航空学会。其中成绩卓著者为波特兰的美洲华侨航空学校和旧金山的旅美中华航空学校。     

抗战文化与文化抗战:论毛泽东对抗日战争的“文化书写”

抗日战争时期,毛泽东高度重视文化在抗战中的作用,提出系统的抗战文化思想,为抗战胜利提供了强大的思想武器和精神动力。毛泽东阐述了文化在抗战中的作用,明确了抗战文化的指导方针、性质、方向和任务,进而提出开展抗日文化运动、建立抗战文化统一战线、组建抗战文化队伍、实施国防教育政策等具体策略方针。毛泽东的抗战文化思想体系,具有先进性与广泛性、阶级性与民族性、继承性与开放性的特点。在毛泽东抗战文化思想的指导下,边区和人民军队的抗战文化建设取得重大成果,壮大了抗战力量,宣传了党的主张,推动了文化教育事业的发展,形成了多样性的繁荣的文化局面。     

论国民政府战时关金政策的演变--兼论抗日战争期间中日财政金融的争斗

1930年南京国民政府在海关进口税计征中实施关金政策,确保了关税收入的持续增长,稳定了政府的财政,促进了国民政府的巩固.抗战爆发后,国民政府不断调整关金政策,将原本专用于关税缴纳的特殊票据关金券用于公债募集,并用作市面流通的货币,从而极大地发挥了关金政策的抗战功用.     

抗战时期延安学生疗养院历史初探

全面抗战爆发后，中共中央和陕甘宁边区政府为保障延安各学校青年学生的身体健康，决定成立“延安学生疗养院”，接收和疗养延安各地的学生病员，使他们在物质生活上得到了充分照顾，在医疗上也能得到较好的护理与及时的医治。延安学生疗养院既充分体现了中国共产党团结和优待知识分子政策，也为我党和边区政府提供了大批身体健康的优秀人才。     

论我国应对国际金融危机的法律对策选择

美国法律对美联储宽松货币政策规范不力、金融信贷管制法律松弛、金融监管体系存在法律漏洞、法律长期缺乏对金融技术与制度创新保持协调发展的规范等是酿成金融危机的关键因素。应对国际金融危机,我国必须坚持依法推进市场调节与政府调控相辅相成,强化金融监管措施,强化对金融创新风险的防控,力求法律监管机制防范金融风险的全覆盖,依法防控国际金融危机对实体经济影响的深入。     

TERRORIST THREATS AND TRANSITIONAL DYNAMICS IN AN OVERLAPPING GENERATIONS MODEL

Previous research has shown that the duration of a civil war is in part a function of how it ends: in government victory, rebel victory, or negotiated settlement. We present a model of how protagonists in a civil war choose to stop fighting. Hypotheses derived from this theory relate the duration of a civil war to its outcome as well as characteristics of the civil war and the civil war nation. Findings from a competing risk model reveal that the effects of predictors on duration vary according to whether the conflict ended in government victory, rebel victory, or negotiated settlement.     

Slow failure: Understanding America’s quagmire in Afghanistan

ABSTRACT

The United States government has no organised way of thinking about war termination other than seeking decisive military victory. This implicit assumption is inducing three major errors. First, the United States tends to select military-centric strategies that have low probabilities of success. Second, the United States is slow to modify losing or ineffective strategies due to cognitive obstacles, internal frictions, and patron-client challenges with the host nation government. Finally, as the U.S. government tires of the war and elects to withdraw, bargaining asymmetries prevent successful transitions (building the host nation to win on its own) or negotiations.     

爱民固边的战略思维论要

爱民固边战略是＂十一五＂时期公安边防部队在建设社会主义和谐社会中的一项重大战略部署。＂十二五＂时期,形势任务更加严峻,必须进一步找准爱民固边是促进边境经济社会发展的新型人民战争的战略定位,完善以战略目的、战略原则、战略力量、战略措施为主要内容的战略架构体系,有效探索＂爱民—固边—发展—固边—利民＂的战略路线图,突出＂维稳主导、服务民生、强基固本、多元联动＂等战略重点,坚持＂并轨发展、标本兼治、无缝对接＂基本战略路径,使爱民固边战略更加系统化、规范化,纵深推进,打造公安边防特有品牌,不断产生更大的政治社会价值。     

Africa's Moment

Over the past decade, international efforts to end protracted conflict in Africa have directed large streams of funds towards the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of former combatants in rural areas. While designed as an integrated approach, the emphasis tends to lie on short time frames of transition through centrally managed programmes that narrowly target ‘the demobilised’. Despite the good intentions of these programmes, there are a number of questions that need to be answered, particularly how the beneficiaries perceive them. This essay tries to answer some of these questions by analysing Caluquembe, a district in central Angola where villagers were subjected to violence on an everyday basis, and where since the war ended in 2002 hundreds of former UNITA soldiers and their families were reintegrated. The essay argues that the ongoing ‘normalisation’ efforts of reintegrating displaced people and demobilised soldiers are facing a number of challenges due to the narrow targeting of benefits, the lack of involvement of local government, the absence of any form of national reconciliation, and the emphasis on economic reintegration in an environment of extreme poverty and social exclusion. The essay also draws a number of lessons that could benefit reintegration efforts in the Great Lakes Region, particularly for the Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi.     

Critics gone wild: Counterinsurgency as the root of all evil

The Western interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan have produced a heated polemic concerning the merits and demerits of counterinsurgency – the operational approach underpinning both campaigns. The two books reviewed here provide a good summation of the arguments against counterinsurgency: it is not a strategy and will fail when mistaken as such; its theory does not make intervention and war significantly easier; and even the most successful counterinsurgency campaigns have been bloody, violent, and protracted. Yet as this review highlights, beyond these central points, criticism of counterinsurgency is too often off the mark in its approach and totalizing in its pretentions. There is much to criticize and an urgent need to learn from past campaigns, yet bold claims and broad generalizations can mislead rather than enlighten. The analysis is particularly unhelpful when the definition of the central issue at hand – counterinsurgency – is being unwittingly or deliberately distorted. In the end, these two books form a poor basis for the debate that must now take place, because they are too ideological in tone, too undisciplined in approach, and therefore too unqualified in what they finally say.     

Syria and the perils of proxy warfare

The ongoing civil war in Syria is evolving into a ‘proxy war’, in which both the Baathist regime and its insurgent adversaries are becoming increasingly reliant upon support from external powers. Proxy warfare has a superficial appeal for sponsoring states, as it appears to offer a convenient and risk-free means of fulfilling foreign policy goals, which will not incur the financial and human costs of direct military intervention. Using Syria as a case study, this article shows that the conduct of proxy warfare has several potential political, strategic, and ethical consequences, which any democratic government in particular is obliged to consider before it resorts to this indirect means of foreign intervention.     

论边防行政执法的比例原则

比例原则是边防行政执法的一项重要指导原则,对于实现边防行政执法的公平与正义,保护边防行政执法相对人的合法权益,节省社会资源,提高边防行政执法的效率,促进政府职能转变,乃至构建和谐边境都具有重大意义;在边防行政执法中贯彻比例原则,主要从规范边防行政执法、加强监督、规范自由裁量权、完善救济途径等方面入手。     

无动力逃生梯部分替代疏散楼梯的可行性研究

从无动力逃生梯的工作原理、自身优点、疏散能力和产品造价等方面与安全疏散楼梯进行比较，对无动力逃生梯部分替代疏散楼梯的可行性进行了深入分析和探讨，最后得出可以根据建筑的消防安全疏散的实际情况部分替代疏散楼梯。     

大型活动安保工作的基本模式

安保工作是大型活动的重要组成部分和保障系统。如何提高安保质量和水平,确保大型活动安全有序是我国政府和公安机关普遍关注的一个重要课题。大型活动安保工作的基本模式包括统一组织指挥,实行整体作战;组织安保力量,加强业务培训;拟制安保计划,组织实战演练;划定安全区域,立体多维防控;采用高新技术,强化安保措施;加强国际合作,密切协同配合等内容。