军事经济宏观分析的范畴和特征

作者用理论抽象法对社会主义军事经济宏观运行中的基本理论范畴进行了严密的逐层逼近和逻辑递推,界定其在不同层次上的本质内涵,阐明了其内在的基本特征,进而勾勒出军事经济宏观变量的四种基本组合关系式:意愿供给等于有效需求,意愿需求等于有效供给;意愿供给大于有效需求,意愿需求等于有效供给;意愿供给等于有效需求,意愿需求大于有效供给;意愿供给大于有效需求,意愿需求大于有效供给。     

也谈过好“紧日子”

对于如何过好紧日子的问题,全国全军都在研究,报纸杂志发表了大量文章。本文结合军事经济工作实际也就如何过好紧日子谈点看法。一、过好紧日子,必须确立供求平衡的理论指导。社会需求的无限性与社会供给的有限性决定了供求矛盾绝对的不平衡关系。就军队建设来说,需求大于国家供给的矛盾将一直存在下去,贯穿于军队建设的全过程。即使国家经济有了很大发展,相应地提高了对军队供给水平,供求矛盾有所缓解,但由于现代化建设新的需要,求大于供的不平衡状态也将长期存在,只是有时表现突出,有时表现较为平稳。没有需求就没有发展,从事物发展的观点看问题,需求是积极的。新的需求不断突破旧的供求平衡,产生新的不平衡。对供给提出新的要求,以此推     

基于权值的NURBS曲线形状修改

针对基于控制顶点的NURBS曲线形状修改的不足,讨论了如何通过修改控制顶点的权值进行NURBS曲线的形状修改问题。NURBS曲线可以看作是高一维空间非有理B样条曲线的中心投影,该B样条的控制顶点为原NURBS曲线的带权控制顶点,并且这样的B样条曲线有无数多条。根据这个性质,以实例的方式通过特定自由参数确定B样条曲线,实现了基于权值的NURBS曲线形状修改。该方法不仅能够较好地确定新的带权控制顶点,还解决了修改后曲线在给定点的切矢问题,具有更好的灵活性。     

需求约束:军事经济运行的实质性变化

经济的供求对比关系是判断经济运行特征的重要标志。我国军事经济运行特征究竟是供给约束,还是需求约束?本文认为,我国军事经济运行特征正在由供给约束转变为需求约束,这一实质性变化应该引起理论界和实际工作者的高度重视。     

从供给侧改革角度思考兵工质量管理

<正>2015年11月10日,习近平总书记在中央财经领导小组会议上指出:"在适度扩大总需求的同时,着力加强供给侧结构性改革,着力提高供给体系质量和效率,增强经济持续增长动力,推动我国社会生产力水平实现整体跃升。"预示着我国经济政策思路从凯恩斯主义逐步转向供给学派,经济发展着力点从"三驾马车"转向供给侧和需求侧两端发力,提高供给体系质量,特别是产品质量已经上升到国家改革层面。     

经济建设贯彻国防需求中的企业激励问题

经济建设贯彻国防需求是指民用经济建设过程搭载国防功能,为动员能力扩张做准备,形成潜在的国防供给能力。在经济建设中贯彻国防需求就要对企业形成有效激励,促使其有效落实国防需求,确保政府国防动员目标的实现。有效的激励方式应包括利益激励、强化激励及竞争激励等。     

军品结构弹性理论分析及应用

军品供给能否满足军事需求,取决于供给的规模,更决定于供给的结构。结构弹性正效应,供求结构优化,产出效应高;结构失衡,结构弹性负效应,产出效应低。因此,军品供给结构必须根据需求结构的变动而变动,以确保供为所需,提高供给的效率。文章运用结构弹性理论,对我军武器装备需求结构滞后和供给结构僵化的现状及成因进行了分析,提出了调整我军武器装备结构性矛盾的策略选择。     

保凸插值样条曲线的一种构造方法

本文提出了一种描述保凸三次参数插值曲线的新算法。算法构造局部、计算简单有效,算法对开曲线和闭曲线都适合,最后给出了几个曲线构造的例子。     

CAD 中的保形曲线拟合

本文描述了构造保形插值曲线的一个新方法,在相邻型值点之间构造三次参数曲线,所构造的曲线是局部的,保形的和Ｇ２连续的     

正则有理Bezier曲线的等距曲线算法

通过利用改进的有理德卡斯特里奥算法求得正则有理ｎ次Ｂｅｚｉｅｒ曲线各点处的切矢,由此得到各点的单位法矢量,应用于求原始曲线的等距曲线,从而巧妙地解决了原始正则有理ｎ次Ｂｅｚｉｅｒ曲线上各点的单位法矢量难求的困难。该方法几何意义明显,算法简洁,实践效果比较好,最后本文给出了两个实例。     

Optimal operating policies in a commodity trading market with the manufacturer's presence

With the help of the Internet and express delivery at relatively low costs, trading markets have become increasingly popular as a venue to sell excess inventory and a source to obtain products at lower prices. In this article, we study the operational decisions in the presence of a trading market in a periodic‐review, finite‐horizon setting. Prices in the trading market change periodically and are determined endogenously by the demand and supply in the market. We characterize the retailers'optimal ordering and trading policies when the original manufacturer and the trading market co‐exist and retailers face fees to participate in the trading market. Comparing with the case with no trading fees, we obtain insights into the impact of trading fees and the fee structure on the retailers and the manufacturer. Further, we find that by continually staying in the market, the manufacturer may use her pricing strategies to counter‐balance the negative impact of the trading market on her profit. Finally, we extend the model to the case when retailers dynamically update their demand distribution based on demand observations in previous periods. A numerical study provides additional insights into the impact of demand updating in a trading market with the manufacturer's competition. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010     

Dynamic pricing and inventory control with learning

Optimal operating policies and corresponding managerial insight are developed for the decision problem of coordinating supply and demand when (i) both supply and demand can be influenced by the decision maker and (ii) learning is pursued. In particular, we determine optimal stocking and pricing policies over time when a given market parameter of the demand process, though fixed, initially is unknown. Because of the initially unknown market parameter, the decision maker begins the problem horizon with a subjective probability distribution associated with demand. Learning occurs as the firm monitors the market's response to its decisions and then updates its characterization of the demand function. Of primary interest is the effect of censored data since a firm's observations often are restricted to sales. We find that the first‐period optimal selling price increases with the length of the problem horizon. However, for a given problem horizon, prices can rise or fall over time, depending on how the scale parameter influences demand. Further results include the characterization of the optimal stocking quantity decision and a computationally viable algorithm. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 303–325, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10013     

The impact of demand uncertainty on product line design under endogenous substitution

The existing product line design literature devotes little attention to the effect of demand uncertainty. Due to demand uncertainty, the supply‐demand mismatch is inevitable which leads to different degrees of lost sales depending on the configuration of product lines. In this article, we adopt a stylized two‐segment setup with uncertain market sizes and illustrate the interplay between two effects: risk pooling that mitigates the impact of demand uncertainty and market segmentation that facilitates consumer differentiation. Compared to downward substitution, inducing bidirectional substitution through product line decisions including quality levels and prices can yield greater risk pooling effects. However, we show that the additional benefit from the risk pooling effect cannot compensate for the reduced market segmentation effect. We demonstrate that the presence of demand uncertainty can reduce the benefit of market segmentation and therefore the length of product lines in terms of the difference between products. We also propose three heuristics that separate product line and production decisions; each of these heuristics corresponds to one particular form of demand substitution. Our numerical studies indicate that the best of the three heuristics yields performance that is close to optimality. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 143–157, 2015     

Supply chain coordination with shelf‐space and retail price dependent demand and heterogeneous retailers

We consider supply chain coordination in which a manufacturer supplies some product to multiple heterogeneous retailers and wishes to coordinate the supply chain via wholesale price and holding cost subsidy. The retail price is either exogenous or endogenous. The market demand is described by the market share attraction model based on all retailers'shelf‐spaces and retail prices. We obtain optimal solutions for the centralized supply chain, where the optimal retail pricing is a modified version of the well‐known cost plus pricing strategy. We further get feasible contracts for the manufacturer to coordinate the hybrid and decentralized supply chains. The manufacturer can allocate the total profit free to himself and the retail market via the wholesale price when the retail price is exogenous, but otherwise he cannot. Finally, we point out that different characteristics of the retail market are due to different powers of the manufacturer, and the more power the manufacturer has, the simpler the contract to coordinate the chain will be. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010     

A Bayesian analysis on the effect of multiple supply options in a quick response environment

In the apparel industry, vendors often suffer from high mismatches in supply and demand. To cope with this problem, they procure the same style product from different suppliers with different manufacturing costs. Especially in the quick response environment, which allows vendors to monitor trends in customer demand and search for available suppliers through the electronic market, they have additional opportunities to improve their decision‐making. In this paper, we propose an analytical profit maximization model and develop efficient decision tools to help both the middle and lower level managers pursuing this strategy. Furthermore, we have shown how significantly the vendors' potential competitive edge can be improved by exploiting multiple supply options, even at the expense of high premium procurement costs for late orders. The effect is critical, especially in a highly competitive market, and it has important implications for the top managers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2003     

An integrated electric power supply chain and fuel market network framework: Theoretical modeling with empirical analysis for New England

In this article, we develop a novel electric power supply chain network model with fuel supply markets that captures both the economic network transactions in energy supply markets and the physical network transmission constraints in the electric power network. The theoretical derivation and analysis are done using the theory of variational inequalities. We then apply the model to a specific case, the New England electric power supply chain, consisting of six states, five fuel types, 82 power generators, with a total of 573 generating units, and 10 demand market regions. The empirical case study demonstrates that the regional electric power prices simulated by our model match the actual electricity prices in New England very well. We also compute the electric power prices and the spark spread, an important measure of the power plant profitability, under natural gas and oil price variations. The empirical examples illustrate that in New England, the market/grid‐level fuel competition has become the major factor that affects the influence of the oil price on the natural gas price. Finally, we utilize the model to quantitatively investigate how changes in the demand for electricity influence the electric power and the fuel markets from a regional perspective. The theoretical model can be applied to other regions and multiple electricity markets under deregulation to quantify the interactions in electric power/energy supply chains and their effects on flows and prices. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2009     

Markets for surplus components with a strategic supplier

We study markets for surplus components, which allow manufacturers with excess component inventory to sell to firms with a shortage. Recent developments in internet commerce have the potential to greatly increase the efficiency of such markets. We develop a one‐period model in which a monopolist supplier sells to a number of independent manufacturers who are uncertain about demand for final goods. After uncertainty is resolved, the manufacturers have the opportunity to trade. Because uncertainty is over demand functions, the model allows us to endogenize both the price of final goods and the price of components in wholesale and surplus markets. We derive conditions on demand uncertainty that determine whether a surplus market will increase or decrease supplier profits. Increased costs of transacting on the surplus market may benefit manufacturers, because of the impact of these costs on the supplier's pricing power. The surplus market can decrease overall efficiency of the supply chain, since the benefit of better allocation of components may be outweighed by an increased double‐marginalization effect. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.     

Dynamic coordination of production planning and sales admission control in the presence of a spot market

We consider the decision‐making problem of dynamically scheduling the production of a single make‐to stock (MTS) product in connection with the product's concurrent sales in a spot market and a long‐term supply channel. The spot market is run by a business to business (B2B) online exchange, whereas the long‐term channel is established by a structured contract. The product's price in the spot market is exogenous, evolves as a continuous time Markov chain, and affects demand, which arrives sequentially as a Markov‐modulated Poisson process (MMPP). The manufacturer is obliged to fulfill demand in the long‐term channel, but is able to rein in sales in the spot market. This is a significant strategic decision for a manufacturer in entering a favorable contract. The profitability of the contract must be evaluated by optimal performance. The current problem, therefore, arises as a prerequisite to exploring contracting strategies. We reveal that the optimal strategy of coordinating production and sales is structured by the spot price dependent on the base stock and sell‐down thresholds. Moreover, we can exploit the structural properties of the optimal strategy to conceive an efficient algorithm. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010