顶部开口条件下油罐油气爆炸数值模拟

根据油罐油气爆炸特性,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型、Finate-Rate/Eddy-Dissipation化学反应模型和相应的控制方程,采用SIMPLE算法对顶部开口条件下油气爆炸发生与发展过程进行了数值模拟。基于数值模拟结果分析了顶部开口条件下油罐油气爆炸罐外超压和火焰特征,与实验结果吻合良好,该模型可以用来预测顶部开口条件下油罐油气爆炸强度。     

油料洞库油气爆炸抑制数值模拟

根据受限空间油气爆炸及抑爆过程的发展规律和机理以及爆炸燃烧和抑爆的特点,建立了基于分步反应控制机理的爆炸燃烧及抑爆模型,解决了爆炸及抑爆发展过程中火焰和压力波相互耦合机制,克服了化学反应与多相流动耦合时计算和存储方面的困难,缓解了控制方程求解时的"刚性",数值仿真结果与实验吻合较好。研究显示,火焰在传播过程中,由于受到湍流和气体流动影响,形状不断发生变化,不是一直加速传播的,而是呈一定波动范围加速传播的;在狭长受限空间内,油气混合物的爆炸压力和火焰速度会大幅升高,不加以抑制将导致严重的破坏后果;在抑爆区由于抑爆剂强烈的物理、化学抑制作用以及两相间进行的能量和动量交换,充满抑爆区的抑爆剂云(雾)能很好地阻断爆炸燃烧火焰的持续传播,从而使爆炸压力失去油气持续燃烧所提供能量的补充而迅速衰减,爆炸传播迅速得到抑制。     

油罐油气惰化置换过程数值模拟研究

基于对油罐惰气置换原理的分析,建立了油气惰化置换过程的紊流模型,采用压力和速度耦合场的PISO算法,完成了油罐惰气置换过程的数值模拟研究。用原型实验数据对模型进行了验证,经验证对比表明模型与实验结果吻合较好。进一步研究表明,对于3 000 m^3的油罐,约整个置换过程的前9 600 s,罐内气体处于爆炸燃烧范围,置换约9 600 s后油罐已处于安全状态;＂置换死角＂出现在靠近燃惰气进口两侧的中央偏下位置;罐内各气体组分除在靠近燃惰气进口一侧的较小空间内对流扩散速度较大外,其他大部分位置各气体组分对流扩散速度较小。这些结论将为油气惰化置换过程的进一步优化提供一定的参考依据。     

狭长受限空间油气爆炸关键现象研究

以汽油油气混合物为研究对象,在狭长密闭管道中进行了油气爆炸实验,通过压阻式传感器测试爆炸过程中的压强信号,得到狭长受限空间中油气爆炸的基本参数。通过对实验结果的对比分析,发现狭长受限空间内的油气爆炸可以分为4个阶段：平滑加速阶段、湍流发展阶段、振荡激化阶段和余波阶段;一定强度的湍流流场可抑制链化学反应速度和火焰传播速度;振荡激化阶段发生在管道末端。为狭长密闭空间内油气爆炸的预防和抑爆技术研究提供了参考。     

受限空间油气抑爆模拟实验

针对受限空间的特点,建立了油气爆炸及其抑爆模拟实验系统,研制了新型高效超细粉体抑爆剂,对受限空间油气爆炸及其抑爆过程进行系统的实验研究,分析了抑爆机理.研究表明抑爆剂的喷射方式、喷射压力、喷射用量以及布置方式等因素对抑爆效果有着重要的影响,得到了抑爆装置的关键设计参数,为进一步研制抑爆装置奠定了实验和理论基础.     

油料储存罐火灾初期模式实验研究

油库是油料的储存场所,绝大部分油料以油罐作为储存容器,而油料洞库的安全一直以来是各级主管部门非常关心又急待解决的难题。因此,研究油罐的储存安全问题是解决这一难题的关键。针对油库常用的储油装置——油罐,在其模拟实验装置上,以汽油作为燃烧工质,进行了系统实验研究与分析。并在此基础上,得出了以下结论:油气体积分数是油罐火灾模式的决定因素,若没有氧气补充,爆炸后的复燃或二次爆炸的可能较小,油罐开口条件下的燃烧危险性大,必须采取有效的主动消防措施。这些结论对研究油料储存罐的安全、消防提供了一定价值的依据。     

地下坑道油气泄漏数值模拟与实验研究

为了研究受限空间油气泄漏的运动规律,及时有效地查明事故隐患,预报和预防各类事故的发生,以挽救人民的生命财产,基于对油气泄漏的分析,建立了油气泄漏的仿真模型.采用压力和速度耦合场的SIMPLE算法,完成了地下坑道油气泄漏过程的数值模拟研究,数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好.研究发现,地下坑道的油气泄漏可分为4个阶段:孕育阶...     

爆炸成型弹丸侵彻靶板的数值仿真

基于LS-DYNA的动力学分析通用有限元程序,对爆炸成型弹丸形成和侵彻靶板过程进行了数值仿真。建立了数值仿真模型,利用数值模拟技术实现了弹丸的形成以及不同药型罩结构对爆炸成型弹丸形成的影响,实现了侵彻过程中弹丸的变形与靶板的破坏状况可视化,同时对仿真结果进行了分析。通过对爆炸成型弹丸侵彻靶板的数值仿真,为开展爆炸成型弹丸毁伤机理研究奠定了良好的基础。     

油料洞库支坑道对爆炸传播影响的数值模拟研究

油料洞库是典型的狭长受限空间,湍流强度是这种复杂受限空间中爆炸燃烧波发展的主要影响因素之一,爆炸波在主坑道的传播过程中,经分支坑道扰动后会发生跃升。针对这种复杂的跃变过程建立了基于多控机理的油气爆炸燃烧模型,对该过程中涉及的湍流强度经旁接分支通道扰动后的变化以及爆炸压力波的发展进行了数值模拟研究,并将数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比和综合理论分析。得到了一些与洞库安全相关的重要结论,对洞库受限空间爆炸发展的进一步研究以及爆炸灾害的防治具有重要的参考价值。     

油罐基础渗漏油气扩散模型研究

基于油罐基础渗漏特征,结合实验数据,提出油罐动态渗漏边界条件,建立油罐基础渗漏油气扩散数学模型。采用有限差分法对扩散过程进行数值模拟,结合同工况实验室及现场油罐基础渗漏数据进行对比分析,并对模型的准确性和可靠度进行了验证。结果表明,模型计算结果与实验数据吻合较好,相对误差在可接受范围内,该模型能够准确预测监测点油气到达时刻,揭示油气渗漏扩散规律。     

Numerical study on the case effect of a bomb air explosion

When considering the bomb explosion damage effect, the air shock wave and high-speed fragments of the bomb case are two major threats. In experiments, the air shock wave was studied by the bare ex-plosives superseding the real cased bomb; in contrast, the bomb case influence was ignored to reduce risk. The air explosion simulations of the MK84 warhead with and without the case were conducted. The numerical simulation results showed that the bomb case significantly influenced the shock wave generated by the bomb: the spatial distribution of shock wave in the near field changed, and the peak value of shock wave was reduced. Breakage of the case and kinetic energy of the fragmentation consumed 3 and 38% of the explosion energy, respectively. The increasing factors of the peak over-pressure induced by the bare explosive on the ground and in the air were 1.43-3.04 and 1.37-1.57, respectively. Four typical stages of case breakage were defined. The mass distribution of the fragments follows the Mott distribution. The initial velocity distribution of the fragments agreed well with the Gurney equation.     

Effect of metal powders on explosion of fuel-air explosives with delayed secondary igniters

In order to improve the energy level of fuel air explosive(FAE) with delayed secondary igniters, high energetic metal powders were added to liquid fuels mainly composed of ether and isopropyl nitrate. Metal powders' explosive properties and reaction mechanisms in FAE were studied by high-speed video, pressure test system, and infrared thermal imager. The results show that compared with pure liquid fuels, the shock wave overpressure, maximum surface fireball temperature and high temperature duration of the mixture were significantly increased after adding high energetic metal powder. The overpressure values of the liquid-solid mixture at all measuring points were higher than that of the pure liquid fuels. And the maximum temperature of the fireball was up to 1700 ℃, which was higher than that of the pure liquid fuels. After replacing 30％of aluminum powder with boron or magnesium hydride, the shock wave pressure of the mixture was further increased. The high heat of combustion of boron and the hydrogen released by magnesium hydride could effectively increase the blast effect of the mixture. The improvement of the explosion performance of boron was better than magnesium hydride. It shows that adding high energetic metal powder to liquid fuels can effectively improve the explosion performance of FAE.     

Modeling of the whole process of shock wave overpressure of free-field air explosion

The waveform of the explosion shock wave under free-field air explosion is an extremely complex problem. It is generally considered that the waveform consists of overpressure peak, positive pressure zone and negative pressure zone. Most of current practice usually considers only the positive pressure. Many empirical relations are available to predict overpressure peak, the positive pressure action time and pressure decay law. However, there are few models that can predict the whole waveform. The whole process of explosion shock wave overpressure, which was expressed as the product of the three factor functions of peak, attenuation and oscillation, was proposed in the present work. According to the principle of explosion similarity, the scaled parameters were introduced and the empirical formula was absorbed to form a mathematical model of shock wave overpressure. Parametric numerical simulations of free-field air explosions were conducted. By experimental verification of the AUTODYN numerical method and comparing the analytical and simulated curves, the model is proved to be accurate to calculate the shock wave overpressure under free-field air explosion. In addition, through the model the shock wave overpressure at different time and distance can be displayed in three dimensions. The model makes the time needed for theoretical calculation much less than that for numerical simulation.     

Explosion temperature mapping of emulsion explosives containing TiH2 powders with the two-color pyrometer technique

In the study, the two-color pyrometer technique was used to measure the transient temperature field of emulsion explosives with different contents of TiH₂ powders. The experimental results showed that the introduction of TiH₂ powders could significantly increase the explosion temperature and fireball duration of emulsion explosive. When emulsion explosives were ignited, the average explosion temperature of pure emulsion explosive continuously decreased while emulsion explosives added with TiH₂ powders increased at first and then decreased. When the content of TiH₂ powders was 6 mass%, the explosion average temperature reached its maximum value of 3095 K, increasing by 43.7% as compared with that of pure emulsion explosive. In addition, the results of air blast experiment and explosion heat test showed that the variation trends of shock wave parameters, explosion heat and theoretical explosion temperature of emulsion explosives with different contents of TiH₂ powders were basically consistent with that of explosion temperature measured by the two-color pyrometer technique. In conclusion, the two-color pyrometer technique would be conducive to the formula design of emulsion explosive by understanding the explosion temperature characteristics.     

Study on energy release characteristics of reactive material casings under explosive loading

Reactive Materials (RMs), a new material with structural and energy release characteristics under shock-induced chemical reactions, are promising in extensive applications in national defense and military fields. They can increase the lethality of warheads due to their dual functionality. This paper focuses on the energy release characteristics of RM casings prepared by alloy melting and casting process under explosive loading. Explosion experiments of RM and conventional 2A12 aluminum alloy casings were conducted in free field to capture the explosive fireballs, temperature distribution, peak overpressure of the air shock wave and the fracture morphology of fragments of reactive material (RM) warhead casings by using high-speed camera, infrared thermal imager temperature and peak overpressure testing and scanning electron microscope. Results showed that an increase of both the fireball temperature and air shock wave were observed in all RM casings compared to conventional 2A12 aluminum ally casings. The RM casings can improve the peak overpressure of the air shock wave under explosion loading, though the results are different with different charge ratios. According to the energy release characteristics of the RM, increasing the thickness of RM casings will increase the peak overpressure of the near-field air shock wave, while reducing the thickness will increase the peak overpressure of the far-field air shock wave.     

Investigation on energy output structure of explosives near-ground explosion

In order to give the energy output structure of typical explosives near-ground explosion in real ground conditions, the free-field shockwave, ground reflection shockwave and Mach wave overpressure time history of composition B explosive, RDX explosive and aluminized explosive were measured by air pressure sensors and ground pressure sensors. The shape of the free-field shock wave, ground reflection shock wave, and Mach wave and explosion flame were captured by high-speed camera. The experimental results show that, at the same horizontal distance from the initiation point, the peak overpressure of explosive shock wave of composition B explosive, both in the air and on the ground, is less than that of RDX and aluminized explosives. At a distance of 3.0 m from the initiation point, the peak overpressure of aluminized explosives is slightly less than that of RDX explosives. Owing to the exothermic effect of aluminum powder, the pressure drop of aluminized explosives is slower than that of RDX explosives. At 5.0 m from the initiation point, the peak overpressure of aluminized explosives is larger than that of RDX explosives. At the same position from the initiation point, among the three kinds of explosives, the impulse of aluminized explosives is the maximum and the impulse of composition B explosives is the minimum. With the increase of the horizontal distance from the initiation point, the height of Mach triple-points (Mach steam) of the three explosives increases gradually. At the same horizontal distance from the initiation point, there is poorly difference in the height of Mach triple-points between aluminized explosive and RDX explosive, and the height of Mach triple-points of composition B explosive is much smaller than that of other two explosives. The maximum diameter and duration of the fireball formed by aluminized explosives are the largest, followed by composition B explosive, and the maximum diameter and duration of the fireball formed by RDX explosive are the smallest.     

圆柱壳在水下爆炸载荷作用下的抗冲击性模拟

利用LS-DYNA动力有限元程序对张效慈等人做的深水爆炸水动压力场对潜体结构的动态响应试验进行数值模拟，其模拟结果与实际具有较好的一致性；同时模拟了不同厚度圆柱壳在不同质量炸药爆炸情况下所表现的抗冲击性，为提高潜艇的抗冲击性提供参考。     

解析方法与数值模拟相结合求解炸药在容器内部爆炸产生的壁面载荷

本文采用总变差递减（TVD）数值方法与强爆炸解析解相结合的手段,求解了炸药在爆炸容器内部产生的作用载荷。计算结果与实验值在几个典型位置进行了比较,二者有良好的符合。与单纯的数值方法相比,本文所探索的方法能有效地克服对称轴附近的数值振荡,不失为确定爆炸载荷的一种新途径。     

Numerical investigation of the shockwave overpressure fields of multi-sources FAE explosions

Shockwaves from fuel-air explosive (FAE) cloud explosions may cause significant casualties. The ground overpressure field is usually used to evaluate the damage range of explosion shockwaves. In this paper, a finite element model of multi-sources FAE explosion is established to simulate the process of multiple shockwaves propagation and interaction. The model is verified with the experimental data of a fourfold-source FAE explosion, with the total fuel mass of 340 kg. Simulation results show that the overpressure fields of multi-sources FAE explosions are different from that of the single-source. In the case of multi-sources, the overpressure fields are influenced significantly by source scattering distance and source number. Subsequently, damage ranges of overpressure under three different levels are calculated. Within a suitable source scattering distance, the damage range of multi-sources situation is greater than that of the single-source, under the same amount of total fuel mass. This research provides a basis for personnel shockwave protection from multi-sources FAE explosion.     

不同环境条件油气爆炸极限测试模拟实验系统

针对不同环境条件油气爆炸极限测试的特殊需要,研制了相应的测试实验台架和关键参数测试系统。对标准20L球形爆炸装置进行了改进,使之适用于不同环境条件油气爆炸极限的测定与分析,设计并构建了能够配制不同浓度油气的油气雾化循环配气系统、瞬态压力测试单元、温湿度测试单元和气体组分测试单元等。实验验证与分析结果表明：该模拟实验系统能够满足不同环境条件油气爆炸极限测试分析的需要,也可供其他相似可燃气体（液体蒸气）测试使用。