基于层裂机理的弹体侵彻混凝土的工程模型

以斜侵彻过程中的终点弹道为研究对象,基于动态球形空腔膨胀理论给出的阻力函数理论公式和开坑阶段的表面层裂机理,建立了能够综合考虑弹头形状、开坑区深度的斜侵彻深度预测模型,并进一步推导了能够适用不同弹头形状的弹体过载时程曲线计算公式。预测模型得到的侵彻深度和过载与试验结果吻合较好。研究结果可为弹体与混凝土靶的斜侵彻弹道分析和弹丸头部设计提供一定帮助。     

弹引系统攻角侵彻混凝土仿真与试验研究

利用弹体非正侵彻的计算模型对弹体非正侵彻过程中弹头表面阻力进行了分析,提出了弹目非正侵彻控制方程.利用有限元分析软件LS-DYNA对弹引系统在不同攻角下侵彻混凝土靶板时的轴向过载、横向过载、横向偏移以及弹体姿态角等的变化进行了仿真分析,得出了弹体横向过载与姿态角的对应关系.实弹试验结果与理论计算及数值仿真结果吻合较好....     

聚能射流侵彻靶板开坑阶段仿真研究

为研究射流侵彻靶板开坑阶段的参数变化规律,利用AUTODYN软件对聚能射流侵彻不同材料靶板的开坑过程进行仿真.仿真结果表明:铜质靶板和钢质靶板开坑阶段的侵彻深度均约4.67倍射流头部直径,陶瓷靶板开坑阶段的侵彻深度约为4倍射流头部直径.该结果与试验总结的数倍射流直径基本相符,证明了所建模型的可行性.另外,开坑阶段的侵彻深度和压力主要与靶板密度有关,而准定常侵彻阶段的压力则主要与靶板的强度有关.     

钨合金动能弹超高速侵彻钢靶的破坏特性

国内外关于动能弹侵彻的研究多集中在中低速范围,对高速特别是超高速侵彻的研究十分有限,其破坏特性还不清楚。采用LS-DYNA有限元程序和Steinberg本构模型,对着靶速度为1 300~4 500 m/s的钨合金动能弹侵彻钢靶问题进行了与实验相对应的数值研究,获得了不同着靶速度下侵彻深度、开坑直径、坑底压力、弹体形态及弹长消蚀的时空演化规律。结果表明:侵彻经历了瞬态高压、常压稳态侵彻、非稳态侵彻和回弹4个阶段;Steinberg本构模型特别适用于超高速侵彻的研究;当着靶速度大于4 000 m/s,着靶速度的变化对侵彻深度的影响可以忽略;超高速侵彻的瞬态高压达100 GPa以上,远大于弹体材料强度极限;相对于高速侵彻,弹体长度消蚀率更大,侵彻速度下降更快,侵彻时间更短。     

旋转弹侵彻钢板的数值模拟

利用LS-DYNA3D软件建立了弹靶几何模型,应用有限元程序对旋转弹侵彻钢板过程进行仿真计算,并通过与实验比较,验证了有限元方法的正确性。分析了转速对垂直侵彻和斜侵彻两种状况下性能的影响,通过比较不同转速情况下得到的速度、加速度等响应以及侵彻过程中弹体的质量损失情况,得出旋转对弹体垂直侵彻和斜侵彻具有一定的影响,为弹体结构的设计、改进和优化提供重要参考依据。     

金属靶体材料动力硬度测试及动态阻力分析

以高速侵彻下45钢靶体侵彻阻力为研究对象,开展了弹体高速侵彻45钢靶体试验,获取了典型弹体对45钢靶体的成坑参数。基于高速侵彻阻力模型对靶体侵彻阻力及影响因素进行分析。结合流体动力学侵彻模型对不同弹体材料侵彻45钢靶体侵彻深度规律进行研究。研究结果表明:随着撞击速度的增大,45钢的靶体阻力从5. 13 GPa减小到3. 7 GPa;基于材料动力硬度测试方法的靶体动态阻力测试结果和理论计算结果吻合较好;随着靶体动态屈服强度的增大,靶体阻力呈线性增大的趋势;侵彻深度及靶体动态阻力理论计算结果和试验数据吻合较好,说明所提动态阻力确定方法可行,可为高速侵彻动力学研究提供参考。     

4层横向运动板防护长细杆的数值分析

多层横向运动板对垂直来侵长细杆的挤压、剪切能够使长细杆发生挤压和剪切变形,进而降低长细杆后续的侵彻能力,增强装甲的防护效果。利用LS—DYNA软件对多层横向、邻层反向运动的钢装甲板防护钨合金长细杆进行运动板速度和运动板的厚度分配的相关仿真计算。通过对计算结果中开坑形状、后效板侵深和装甲效能进行分析发现,随着板运动速度的增加,后效板开坑深度减小和开坑形状的非对称性加剧,运动板的干扰作用增强及防护效能提高;在运动板总厚度相同的情况下,板的层数越少,防护性能越好。     

长杆射弹侵彻三种混凝土靶的实验研究

为了研究钻地武器的侵彻性能,在57mm口径的气炮上发射长杆射弹对三种靶体进行模拟侵彻实验。靶体为水泥砂浆石靶、钢纤维混凝土靶和含单层密排刚玉球的钢纤维混凝土靶。实验结果表明,弹头形状对侵彻深度有明显影响;当长杆射弹和撞击速度都相同时,与侵彻钢纤维混凝土靶相比,含单层密排刚玉球的钢纤维混凝土靶中的侵彻深度大约降低了11%,而水泥砂浆石靶中的侵彻深度增加了12%。     

靶体表面破碎对侵彻深度的影响

本文从弹体侵彻现象着手,根据Ｇｒａｄｙ的能量断裂破碎观点分析靶体表面破碎所造成的弹体侵入能量损失,按能量守恒原理计算弹体经过第一部分弹抗后的剩余速度,然后根据型型空腔理论计算弹体在靶体介质中的侵入深度,并分析靶体表面破碎弹坑对弹体整个侵彻深度的影响。     

长杆射弹对钢纤维混凝土靶开坑特性的实验研究

为考察射弹对钢纤维混凝土靶的侵彻特性,采用57mm轻气炮,进行了小尺寸模拟射弹对钢纤维混凝土靶(钢纤维的体积分数为2%)的侵彻实验。实验中观察了钢纤维混凝土靶的开坑形状,测量了射弹的击靶速度,并且采用注沙法测出靶体的开坑体积,计算出射弹对靶体的侵彻体积,得到了长杆射弹的动能与侵彻体积的关系。引入射弹单位面积的冲击动能和靶体单位侵彻体积的冲击动能,结合钢纤维混凝土靶的实验数据,考察了两者之间的关系。     

Influence of thickness and projectile shape on penetration resistance of the compliant composite

The present study deals with development of conceptual proof for jute rubber basedflexible composite block to completely arrest the projectile impacting the target at high velocity impact of 400 m/s through numerical simulation approach using finite element (FE) method. The proposed flexible composite blocks of repeating jute/rubber/jute (JRJ) units are modelled with varying thickness from 30 mm to 120 mm in increments of 30 mm and impacted by flat (F), ogival (O) and hemispherical (HS) shaped projectiles. All the considered projectiles are impacted with proposed flexible composite blocks of different thicknesses and the penetration behaviour of the projectile in each case is studied. The penetration depth of the projectile in case of partially penetrated cases are considered and the effect of thickness and projectile shape on percentage of penetration depth is statistically analyzed using Tagu-chi's design of experiments (DOE). Results reveal that the though proposedflexible composite block with thickness of 90 mm is just sufficient to arrest the complete penetration of the projectile, considering the safety issues, it is recommended to use theflexible composite with thickness of 120 mm. The nature of damage caused by the projectile in the flexible composite is also studied. Statistical studies show that thickness of the block plays a prominent role in determining the damage resistance of the flexible composite.     

Partial penetration of annular grooved projectiles impacting ductile metal targets

Changing and optimizing the projectile nose shape is an important way to achieve specific ballistic performance. One special ballistic performance is the embedding effect, which can achieve a delayed high-explosive reaction on the target surface. This embedding effect includes a rebound phase that is significantly different from the traditional penetration process. To better study embedment behavior, this study proposed a novel nose shape called an annular grooved projectile and defined its interaction process with the ductile metal plate as partial penetration. Specifically, we conducted a series of low-velocity-ballistic tests in which these steel projectiles were used to strike 16-mm-thick target plates made with 2024-O aluminum alloy. We observed the dynamic evolution characteristics of this aluminum alloy near the impact craters and analyzed these characteristics by corresponding cross-sectional views and numerical simulations. The results indicated that the penetration resistance had a brief decrease that was influenced by its groove structure, but then it increased significantly-that is, the fluctuation of penetration resistance was affected by the irregular nose shape. Moreover, we visualized the distribution of the material in the groove and its inflow process through the rheology lines in microscopic tests and the highlighted mesh lines in simulations. The combination of these phenomena revealed the embed-ment mechanism of the annular grooved projectile and optimized the design of the groove shape to achieve a more firm embedment performance. The embedment was achieved primarily by the target material filled in the groove structure. Therefore, preventing the shear failure that occurred on the filling material was key to achieving this embedding effect.     

Long-rod penetration: the transition zone between rigid and hydrodynamic penetration modes

Long-rod penetration in a wide range of velocity means that the initial impact velocity varies in a range from tens of meters per second to several kilometers per second. The long rods maintain rigid state when the impact velocity is low, the nose of rod deforms and even is blunted when the velocity gets higher, and the nose erodes and fails to lead to the consumption of long projectile when the velocity is very high due to instantaneous high pressure. That is, from low velocity to high velocity, the projectile undergoes rigid rods, deforming non-erosive rods, and erosive rods. Because of the complicated changes of the projectile, no well-established theoretical model and numerical simulation have been used to study the transition zone. Based on the analysis of penetration behavior in the transition zone, a phenomenological model to describe target resistance and a formula to calculate penetration depth in transition zone are proposed, and a method to obtain the boundary velocity of transition zone is determined. A combined theoretical analysis model for three response regions is built by analyzing the characteristics in these regions. The penetration depth predicted by this combined model is in good agreement with experimental result.     

Interface defeat studies of long-rod projectile impacting on ceramic targets

The interface defeat phenomenon always occurs when a long-rod projectile impacting on the ceramic target with certain velocity, i.e., the projectile is forced to flow radially on the surface of ceramic plates for a period of time without significant penetration. Interface defeat has a direct effect upon the ballistic performance of the armor piercing projectile, which is studied numerically and theoretically at present. Firstly, by modeling the projectiles and ceramic targets with the SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) particles and Lagrange finite elements, the systematic numerical simulations on interface defeat are performed with the commercial finite element program AUTODYN. Three different responses, i.e., complete interface defeat, dwell and direct penetration, are reproduced in different types of ceramic targets (bare, buffered, radially confined and oblique). Furthermore, by adopting the validated numerical algorithms, constitutive models and the corresponding material parameters, the influences of projectile (material, diameter, nose shape), constitutive models of ceramic (JH-1 and JH-2 models), buffer and cover plate (thickness, constraints, material), as well as the prestress acted on the target (radial and hydrostatic) on the interface defeat (transition velocity and dwell time) are systematically investigated. Finally, based on the energy conservation approach and taking the strain rate effect of ceramic material into account, a modified model for predicting the upper limit of transition velocity is proposed and validated. The present work and derived conclusions can provide helpful reference for the design and optimization of both the long-rod projectile and ceramic armor.     

Round robin using the depth of penetration test method on an armour grade alumina

The depth of penetration (DOP) method is a well-known ballistic test method for characterisation and ranking of ceramic armour materials. The ceramic tile is bonded to a backing material of semi-infinite thickness, and the penetration depth of the projectile gives a measure of the performance of the ceramic. There is, however, an inherent variability in the results from this test method. In this work, the accuracy and the variability of the DOP method has been investigated in a round robin exercise. Six ballistic test centres took part in the exercise. A test protocol was developed, in which the threat type (projectile and impact conditions) and a procedure on how to prepare the targets were specified. The targets consisted of alumina tiles of two different thicknesses that were bonded to polycarbonate backing cubes. Two different 7.62 mm armour piercing projectiles were employed; one with a hard steel core and one with a tungsten carbide core. The projectiles and the other materials all came from single material batches in order to avoid batch-to-batch variations in material properties. These materials were distributed between the ballistic test centres. The test results of the different ballistic test facilities were collected and compared. There was not a lot of variation between the average DOP values obtained at each laboratory, but the variation in penetration depth between shots was high. The consequence of this variation may be less confidence in the test results, and a statistical method was used to evaluate the required number of tests that are sufficient to obtain an average result with high confidence. In most cases, the required number of tests is much higher than what is practically feasible. This work was conducted as part of the European Defence Agency-project CERAMBALL.     

Real-time prediction of projectile penetration to laminates by training machine learning models withfinite element solver as the trainer

Studies on ballistic penetration to laminates is complicated, but important for design effective protection of structures. Experimental means of study is expensive and can often be dangerous. Numerical simu-lation has been an excellent supplement, but the computation is time-consuming. Main aim of this thesis was to develop and test an effective tool for real-time prediction of projectile penetrations to laminates by training a neural network and a decision tree regression model. A large number of finite element models were developed;the residual velocities of projectiles fromfinite element simulations were used as the target data and processed to produce sufficient number of training samples. Study focused on steel 4340tpolyurea laminates with various configurations. Four different 3D shapes of the projectiles were modeled and used in the training. The trained neural network and decision tree model was tested using independently generated test samples using finite element models. The predicted projectile velocity values using the trained machine learning models are then compared with thefinite element simulation to verify the effectiveness of the models. Additionally, both models were trained using a published experimental data of projectile impacts to predict residual velocity of projectiles for the unseen samples. Performance of both the models was evaluated and compared. Models trained with Finite element simulation data samples were found capable to give more accurate predication, compared to the models trained with experimental data, becausefinite element modeling can generate much larger training set, and thus finite element solvers can serve as an excellent teacher. This study also showed that neural network model performs better with small experimental dataset compared to decision tree regression model.     

Study of high-speed interaction processes between fluoropolymer projectiles and aluminum-based targets

The experimental results and numerical modeling of penetration process of fluoropolymer projectiles in aluminum-based targets are presented. Analysis of mathematical models for interaction of elastoplastic projectile and target without taking additional energy released during interaction of fluoropolymer and aluminum into consideration is carried out. Energy fraction which is spent effectively on the increase in cavity volume is determined. The experimental and calculated results of penetration by combined and inert projectiles are compared.