雷达海杂波的K分布复合特性

从真实海杂波数据出发,对低擦地角雷达海杂波的复合特性进行了深入研究,证明其幅度分布特性可以用复合K分布模型较好地描述,相关函数具有与幅度分布一致的复合特性,功率谱的时频统计近似服从周期的高斯分布,提出用于估计K分布形状参数的海杂波数据长度必须大于调制分量的调制周期.该结论有望提高现有海杂波模型的准确性.     

雷达杂波建模与仿真

雷达的环境杂波在雷达环境模拟中具有重要的作用,其特性可以用幅度分布特性和频率分布特性来描述。详细分析并建立了Rayleigh,LogNormal,Weibull分布和K分布等几种概率分布的雷达杂波模型,并对雷达中常见的地杂波、气象杂波、箔条杂波、海杂波等各种雷达杂波类型进行建模仿真,重点是结合ZMNL的方法特点给出具体的实现过程。最后给出了模拟杂波数据的概率密度和功率谱密度曲线,进一步验证了ZMNL杂波建模的有效性和准确性,该方法产生的杂波信号可以用于杂波模拟系统。     

基于2分随机乘法模型的多重分形海杂波建模研究

为准确建立海杂波模型,将乘法模型与多重分形相结合引入到高分辨率海杂波建模研究中,提出了一种基于2分随机乘法模型的多重分形海杂波建模方法,理论上分析了模型的多重分形特性,并从实测海杂波数据中提取了倍乘因子的分布特性,提出了基于Beta分布的倍乘因子构建方法,仿真得到了海杂波数据。通过对瑞利分布、韦布尔分布和对数正态分布的比较分析以及K-S的统计检验,验证了2分随机乘法模型的合理性,这为高分辨率雷达的海杂波建模研究及其背景下的目标检测研究奠定了理论基础。     

低入射余角下雷达海杂波的建模与仿真

研究了低入射余角下雷达海杂波的建模、仿真算法及实现问题。根据实际背景 ,对实测数据进行深入讨论 ,建立起一个较为准确的海杂波幅度分布模型与功率谱模型 ;针对非相参和相参两种雷达体制 ,分别采用修正的零记忆非线性变换法和球不变随机过程法来实现具有给定相关性的K分布随机数序列的产生 ,并以VisualC + +为平台实现了仿真软件。仿真结果证明了模型和算法的有效性。     

一种基于模拟退火算法的雷达杂波仿真方法

分析了目前常用的杂波建模方法,阐述了最大熵分布的重要作用,提出了一种杂波幅度的统计建模方法,通过提取实测杂波数据的中心矩来对杂波幅度的随机特性进行描述,并通过模拟退火算法对杂波数据进行仿真。最后利用McMaster大学IPIX雷达的一组实测海杂波数据对算法进行了验证,结果表明,仿真数据与实测数据的最大熵分布具有很高的拟合程度。     

高重频模式下的海杂波仿真方法

机载脉冲多普勒雷达在高重频模式下的海杂波仿真精确度是影响整个雷达系统仿真的先决因素。在分析基于网格法的杂波功率谱模型的前提下,设计了一种利用杂波功率谱进行时域重构,产生幅度分布服从对数-正态分布海杂波的仿真模型。仿真结果与理论值吻合较好,说明仿真开发模式是可行的,仿真模型是正确、有效的。     

基于毫米波高分辨雷达的地杂波实测数据分析与仿真

为了对地杂波进行正确的建模仿真,针对外场试验中得到的大量真实地杂波数据,根据回波信号的典型处理过程对其加以处理和研究,将各阶段处理结果与瑞利分布、对数正态分布、韦布尔分布和相关K分布进行比对,找出了最符合实际地杂波分布的分布模型。由于实际环境复杂多变,分析了入射余角、统计时间及分辨率对杂波分布影响,对模型适应特定环境提供参考。根据分析确定的杂波模型,最后采用ZMNL法仿真实现。     

二维相关的G0分布雷达杂波仿真

G0分布模型可实现对不同均匀度雷达杂波的较好拟合,二维相关G0分布雷达杂波的精确仿真对雷达系统设计和性能评估具有重要意义。在利用分段多项式拟合的方法近似表示非线性变换的基础上,将二维相关的高斯随机过程作为输入,提出了基于无记忆非线性变换的二维相关G0分布雷达杂波仿真方法。更进一步,为了实现对杂波幅度与相关性的独立控制,并仿真具有同相和正交分量的相参雷达杂波,推导了单视条件下G0分布模型的球不变随机过程特征函数表达式,提出了基于球不变随机过程的仿真方法。仿真结果表明,这两种方法均能够仿真产生满足幅度和相关性要求的二维相关G0分布雷达杂波。     

海杂波的多重分形消除趋势波动分析

为充分描述海杂波时变特性和局部奇异性,将多重分形消除趋势理论(MFDFA)引入到雷达海杂波特性分析中,理论分析了海杂波的多重分形参数,对比分析了白噪声、单分形和海杂波的广义Hurst指数,并通过仿真进一步分析了实测海杂波数据的多重分形谱、质量指数和广义Hurst指数。结果表明:海杂波具有明显的多重分形特性,且其波动函数具有一定的分布规律。使用该分析方法提取出的海杂波的多重分形特性很好地解释了海杂波的内在非线性特性,比统计特性分析更加确切地描述海杂波的产生机理,为基于多重分形特性的雷达目标检测提供了依据。     

基于高分辨雷达的杂波分布模型

高分辨力雷达体制下,杂波散斑分量与调制分量更适合用广义Gamma分布模型描述,在此基础上,建立了广义复合杂波模型表达式,随后研究了在热噪声情况下的广义杂波分布模型;然后通过对模型选取特定参数,得到了广义K分布表达式,同时分析了取不同参数广义K分布时与经典杂波概率分布的联系;最后研究了上述有关杂波模型的统计特性,进而得到了参数估计的基本方法.进行了仿真实验,验证了结论.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.