Optimal control of a production‐inventory system with both backorders and lost sales

We consider the optimal control of a production inventory‐system with a single product and two customer classes where items are produced one unit at a time. Upon arrival, customer orders can be fulfilled from existing inventory, if there is any, backordered, or rejected. The two classes are differentiated by their backorder and lost sales costs. At each decision epoch, we must determine whether or not to produce an item and if so, whether to use this item to increase inventory or to reduce backlog. At each decision epoch, we must also determine whether or not to satisfy demand from a particular class (should one arise), backorder it, or reject it. In doing so, we must balance inventory holding costs against the costs of backordering and lost sales. We formulate the problem as a Markov decision process and use it to characterize the structure of the optimal policy. We show that the optimal policy can be described by three state‐dependent thresholds: a production base‐stock level and two order‐admission levels, one for each class. The production base‐stock level determines when production takes place and how to allocate items that are produced. This base‐stock level also determines when orders from the class with the lower shortage costs (Class 2) are backordered and not fulfilled from inventory. The order‐admission levels determine when orders should be rejected. We show that the threshold levels are monotonic (either nonincreasing or nondecreasing) in the backorder level of Class 2. We also characterize analytically the sensitivity of these thresholds to the various cost parameters. Using numerical results, we compare the performance of the optimal policy against several heuristics and show that those that do not allow for the possibility of both backordering and rejecting orders can perform poorly.© 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2010     

基于模糊模式识别的战场目标识别

分析战场目标的结构、材料、征候、特征及辐射原理等存在的差异,运用模糊模式识别方法,建立了战场目标识别的数学模型,给出了目标识别的详细步骤和方法:选取目标特征量、构造标准模糊集合、构造待识别模糊集合、应用择近原则进行目标识别,并通过算例,得到一些有价值的结论。模型和方法可供C3I系统快速准确的识别战场目标。     

航天装备维修保障力量配置方案优选研究

针对航天装备维修保障力量配置选址方案确定过程中评价判断具有"犹豫性""模糊性"以及指标"多层次"突出的问题,在建立航天装备维修保障力量配置选址方案评价指标体系的基础上,提出一种基于犹豫模糊层次TOPSIS的配置方案优选方法.以某次航天装备维修保障力量配置选址方案优选为例进行方法验证,结果表明,通过该法能够有效解决专家意...     

The continuous‐time single‐sourcing problem with capacity expansion opportunities

This paper develops a new model for allocating demand from retailers (or customers) to a set of production/storage facilities. A producer manufactures a product in multiple production facilities, and faces demand from a set of retailers. The objective is to decide which of the production facilities should satisfy each retailer's demand, in order minimize total production, inventory holding, and assignment costs (where the latter may include, for instance, variable production costs and transportation costs). Demand occurs continuously in time at a deterministic rate at each retailer, while each production facility faces fixed‐charge production costs and linear holding costs. We first consider an uncapacitated model, which we generalize to allow for production or storage capacities. We then explore situations with capacity expansion opportunities. Our solution approach employs a column generation procedure, as well as greedy and local improvement heuristic approaches. A broad class of randomly generated test problems demonstrates that these heuristics find high quality solutions for this large‐scale cross‐facility planning problem using a modest amount of computation time. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.     

Bayesian enhanced decision making for deteriorating repairable systems with preventive maintenance

Since a system and its components usually deteriorate with age, preventive maintenance (PM) is often performed to restore or keep the function of a system in a good state. Furthermore, PM is capable of improving the health condition of the system and thus prolongs its effective age. There has been a vast amount of research to find optimal PM policies for deteriorating repairable systems. However, such decisions involve numerous uncertainties and the analyses are typically difficult to perform because of the scarcity of data. It is therefore important to make use of all information in an efficient way. In this article, a Bayesian decision model is developed to determine the optimal number of PM actions for systems which are maintained according to a periodic PM policy. A non‐homogeneous Poisson process with a power law failure intensity is used to describe the deteriorating behavior of the repairable system. It is assumed that the status of the system after a PM is somewhere between as good as new for a perfect repair and as good as old for a minimal repair, and for failures between two preventive maintenances, the system undergoes minimal repairs. Finally, a numerical example is given and the results of the proposed approach are discussed after performing sensitivity analysis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008     

人民解放军参加西藏民主改革的经过

20世纪50年代末60年代初期,在平息西藏反动上层发动的全面武装叛乱后.进藏人民解放军各部队按照中共中央的要求,为确保西藏民主改革顺利实施,承担起光荣的历史使命,以多种方式积极投身于西藏民主改革运动中,充分发挥了战斗队的职能.为西藏民主革命事业的胜利做出重大贡献.     

不同形状喷嘴内流场模拟分析

建立了前混合磨料水射流喷嘴内固液两相流动的数学模型,运用Fluent软件对圆柱型、圆锥收敛型、流线型和圆锥带圆柱段收敛型喷嘴内流场进行了数值模拟,分析了喷嘴形状对喷嘴内流场和磨料颗粒加速性能的影响,并通过切割实验验证了仿真结果的可靠性。结果表明:圆柱型喷嘴能量损耗较大,圆锥收敛型喷嘴对磨料颗粒的加速性能差,流线型喷嘴性能良好但不易加工,只有圆锥带圆柱段收敛型喷嘴是用作前混合式磨料水射流喷嘴的最优选择。     

面向飞行器电磁散射特征诊断的近场频域成像算法

无人机在结构样式和材料构成方面具有的灵活性使得其相比有人机具有更大的隐身性能优化空间,在室内或者室外开展近场成像变得迫切。结合飞行器转台成像几何模型建立了近场转台成像通用信号模型,提出了一种面向飞行器电磁散射特征诊断的近场频域成像算法,在子孔径成像设置约束下,近似将斜距平面频谱按照水平面频谱处理;分析了该算法适用的条件,并围绕典型近场成像几何和飞行器尺寸生成仿真数据,在0.6～35 GHz范围内选择典型波段完成近场成像,良好的成像结果证实了理论分析与所提算法的正确性。     

7B04铝合金孔壁超声振动抛光抗疲劳性能分析

针对7B04铝合金孔结构机加质量差、易腐蚀的问题,采用超声振动抛光技术,对原始机加孔和腐蚀孔分别进行了抛光处理,旨在改善和提高7B04铝合金原始机加孔和腐蚀孔的表面完整性。从孔壁处理前后的表面形貌和粗糙度变化情况可知:超声振动抛光可有效去除表面加工刀痕,去除腐蚀产物,同时表面粗糙度降低了43%以上,孔壁局部应力集中系数降低了24%以上,这有利于提高孔的抗疲劳性能。超声振动抛光技术为飞机孔结构的加工和维修提供了新的思路和方法。     

悬臂式围护桩受力性状与内力传递特征试验

为研究悬臂式围护桩结构的内力、弯矩、位移和嵌固段的变化规律及特点,结合西宁火车站综合改造工程,对该深基坑支护结构在不同开挖工况条件下悬臂桩的受力性状与内力传递特征进行现场动态测试试验。试验结果表明:悬臂桩的受力特征与理论值有所差异,在实际设计中可对其在配筋方式、混凝土强度设计、嵌固段长度等方面进行优化。试验结果可以有效优化桩身设计,为复杂基坑在开挖过程中的支护结构受力及变形提供参考性依据。