新型人工淹没水射流喷嘴流场数值模拟与结构优化

为了扩展淹没型空化水射流的应用场所,同时扩大其有效靶距范围,设计了一种新型人工淹没水射流喷嘴,利用Fluent软件对喷嘴内部流场进行了数值模拟,并以气含率和气相体积为评价指标对喷嘴结构参数进行了优化。结果表明:所设计的喷嘴能够有效产生空化,空化主要在射流与伴随流之间的剪切层产生;喷嘴的结构参数对空化影响较大,内喷嘴圆柱段长度为4 mm,直径为2 mm,扩散段角为20°,外喷嘴直径为16 mm时,射流的空化效果较好。     

非淹没高速水射流喷嘴内外流场数值模拟

将紊流K－ε模型和多流体模型结合,建立了适合于描述非淹没高速水射流喷嘴内外流场特性的数学模型,构造了可靠的算法,并进行了大量的模拟计算。计算的射流液体区长度与实验数据吻合较好,同时探讨了锥角等对锥形喷嘴射流流场的影响,指出了改进锥形喷嘴射流特性的途径及简单锥形喷嘴的不足。本研究方法可以用于其他形状喷嘴的非淹没高速水射流特性的数值模拟。     

喷嘴结构对高压水射流影响及结构参数优化设计

喷嘴是产生高压水射流的关键部件,其结构形式对射流动力学性能有很大影响。以圆柱形喷嘴为对象,进行喷嘴结构对高压水射流的影响分析及结构参数优化设计。采用两相流计算流体力学模型进行喷嘴内外的射流流场分析。为节省计算资源,在优化设计时引入Kriging代理模型替代计算流体力学模型。分别采用改进的非劣分类遗传算法和基于分解的多目标进化算法进行单目标和多目标优化设计。研究结果表明:直线型喷嘴总体性能较优,凹型喷嘴的次之,凸型喷嘴性能最差。以直线型喷嘴为设计对象,以射流初始段长度和流量为目标,得到了单目标和多目标优化设计结果。单目标优化时,两个指标较基准外形分别提高14.71%和27.56%。多目标优化时,优化得到的半锥角处于[15.4°,89.8°]区间内。运用代理模型和进化算法的全局优化方法在进行喷嘴的优化设计时是有效的。     

便携式磨料水射流切割系统设计

为提高油库应急抢修效率及安全性,利用磨料水射流切割技术在高油气浓度下直接对油库破损待修设备进行快速切割。通过对磨料水射流切割系统进行研究,设计优化了管路系统、磨料添加系统和动力系统,得到了适用于油库应急抢修切割操作的便携式磨料水射流切割系统样机。使用样机对X60管线钢进行切割试验,得到了切割模型,该模型能够有效指导油库管道抢修切割操作。研究为磨料水射流切割技术在油库应急抢修切割中的应用奠定了基础。     

空化射流实验研究

空化水射流技术是将空化作用引入到高压水射流而形成的一种新型高压水射流技术，在同等条件下，空化射流相对于普通高压水射流具有破碎和切割能力更高的特点。通过数值模拟和实验方法对空化技术进行研究，进行了喷嘴流场的数值模拟计算，设计了空化射流实验装置及空化喷嘴。以生锈铁板为研究对象，分别进行了喷嘴型号、打击时间、入口压力、靶距和扩散段长度的空化射流打击效果对比实验，研究了空化参数对空化效果的影响。实验结果表明角形喷嘴进行淹没射流的空化效果较好，空化射流除锈具有最优打击时间。不同的入口压力对应不同的最佳靶距。     

高压磨料水射流切割Q235钢试验研究

Q235钢在石油天然气行业应用广泛,为研究高压磨料水射流切割Q235钢的性能,应用五轴联动数控后混磨料水射流切割设备,分别研究泵压、入射角、磨料粒径、砂管直径、横移速度和靶距等参数对切割深度的影响。结果表明:切割深度随泵压增大而增大,且大致呈线性关系,随横移速度增大而减小,且减小趋于缓慢;其他条件一定时,分别存在最佳靶距、最佳磨料粒径和最佳砂管直径使得切割深度最大;一定的入射角倾斜可以增大切割深度,试验条件下入射角为105°左右时,切割深度达到最大。     

警用脉冲防暴水炮新型喷嘴内部流场的大涡模拟

根据新型喷嘴的结构特点，构建了喷嘴的物理模型和数学模型，并采用Fluent6．2．16软件中的LES模型对喷嘴流场进行数值计算。模拟结果表明：射流进入喷嘴收缩段后会发生强烈的剪切作用，引起流场速度和压力的急剧变化。收缩角对喷嘴内部流场的影响较大，本模型中收缩角优化值取30°，圆柱段长度对喷嘴内部流场也存在影响，本模型中该长度优化值取32mm。     

油-水旋流器流场数值模拟研究

采用改进后的双方程湍流模型和SIMPLE计算方法,对切流式单入口油-水旋流器内部流场进行了模拟研究。结果表明:旋流器内部三维流场各向异性,即同一位置流体在不同方向的流动参数变化很大,流体质点在不同条件下的运动轨迹、速度、分离特性等方面都有较大差别;圆柱段与圆锥段的流场在柱锥结合面发生变化,旋流器的主要分离过程在圆锥段完成;单入口旋流器的流场中心与几何中心有偏差,对流场的稳定和分离会产生影响。该模拟结果与他人所做实验结果比较接近,说明该模型和算法是可靠的,为旋流器的实际应用提供了参考。     

空化射流喷嘴流场的数值模拟

根据角形喷嘴结构特点,建立了喷嘴的物理模型和数学模型.选用к-ε紊流模型,并采用SIMPLEC算法进行数值计算.模拟计算表明,射流进入扩散段后与周围介质发生强烈的剪切作用产生明显的负压,有利于空化气泡的产生.扩散角对喷嘴内部流场影响较大,存在最佳值30°;扩散段长度对喷嘴内部流场也存在影响,初始取值为12 mm;圆柱段长度对喷嘴内部流场影响较小,其取值有一范围2～10 mm,初始取值为4 mm.采用相关的实验数据验证了本模型的可行性.     

一种加速收敛的LDPC码译码算法

对高斯信道下LDPC(Low-Density Parity-Check)码的传统的译码算法进行分析,指出影响收敛速度的原因,并提出了一种基于整数运算的加速收敛的LDPC码译码算法。该算法融合分层译码(Layered Belief Propagation)算法、带偏移量的最小和算法(Offset Min-Sum)以及量化的优势。仿真验证表明该算法有效地减少了译码复杂度,加速了译码收敛,且性能上同传统的量化最小和算法相比没有下降。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.