Defence R&D expenditure: The crowding-out hypothesis

The impact of defence expenditure on the economy has been widely studied through different types of models. However, the results from these studies have not reached definitive conclusions, and have left a gap in the analysis of the impact of defence R&D expenditure at the economy level. Defence R&D has specific characteristics, which lead to market failures: public good, high risk and uncertainty, national security. Also, defence R&D creates two types of externalities: negative (crowding-out), and positive (spin-off). Crowding-out is the major economic debate about defence R&D. This paper analyses the crowding-out hypothesis by applying three types of models for the UK case: supply, demand, and demand-supply models. From these three models the most reliable is chosen and applied to the individual cases of France, Germany, Japan and USA. The paper also reports the results for the pooled data of these five countries, and for four error component models. The results from estimating such models shed light on the defence R&D crowding-out hypothesis.     

The effect of deployment on first‐ and second‐term re‐enlistment in the US active duty force

Why should deployment affect re‐enlistment? In our model, members enter the military with naïve beliefs about deployment and use actual deployment experience to update their beliefs and revise their expected utility of re‐enlisting. Empirically, re‐enlistment is related to the type and number of deployments, consistent with the learning model. Non‐hostile deployment increases first‐term re‐enlistment but hostile deployment has little effect except for the Army, where the effect is positive. Both types increase second‐term re‐enlistment. Interestingly, first‐term members with dependants tend to respond to deployment like second‐term members. In addition, deployment acts directly to affect re‐enlistment, not indirectly through time to promotion.     

ON THE CHOICE OF MULTI-TASK R&D DEFENSE PROJECTS: A CASE STUDY OF The ISRAELI MISSILE DEFENSE SYSTEM

Investments in R&D constitute a major share of the expenditures of the hi-tech industry since, generally, they enable firms to successfully compete in the rapidly and constantly changing markets for hi-tech products and services. The role of R&D projects is particularly important in the areas of defense and homeland security due to the nature of warfare and the continuous threats posed by arms races and by terror organizations. This study analyzes the choice of the R&D projects designed to counter multiple related military threats. It develops the methodology required to assess whether it is preferable to develop one project to thwart several related threats, or several distinct projects, each of which provides an answer to one specific threat or a partial set of the threats. An analytic solution is provided and assessed for two simple models with two related threats. A solution of the model is then provided for any number of related threats, using a dynamic programming methodology. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of our model and methodology to Israel’s missile defense problem; that is, we show how to optimally develop systems aimed at thwarting the multiple threats of short-, medium-, and long-range missiles.     

虚拟维修仿真数据编辑系统研究

为有效解决虚拟维修系统中仿真数据编辑技术不通用的问题,在深入研究虚拟维修数据模型、交互任务分析、仿真数据管理等关键技术的基础上,设计开发了具有工程应用价值的虚拟维修仿真数据编辑系统.在分析系统设计需求的基础上,设计了系统总体结构,基于S1000D设计了虚拟维修数据模型,基于UML分析了维修样机编辑和维修规程编辑过程中的交互任务,基于XML实现了仿真数据的编辑、存储与发布.该系统应用于某型复杂装备虚拟维修,验证了系统的各项功能和应用效果.     

学习策略在地理学习中的运用

有效学习方法能提高学生的学习效率,在中学地理学习中,掌握一定的学习策略是很有必要的。本文重点介绍了选择性注意策略、组织学习策略、构建整体结构策略、解决问题的思维策略四种简单而行之有效的学习策略,对提高学生学习地理的能力和效率均有一定帮助。     

基于因子分解和光束法平差从航空序列图像恢复三维结构

从航空序列图像恢复目标三维结构是航空摄影测量的基本问题。针对现有算法中精度与计算量的矛盾,提出一种基于因子分解与光束法平差的新算法。作为因子分解与光束法平差的桥梁,提出基于"R T"模式共线方程的概念,详细推导了其线性化公式。仿真实验和真实图像实验表明,新算法精度高、稳定性好,可应用于航空测绘、虚拟现实、军事侦察等工程实践。     

高保真语音数字信号获取系统设计与实现

给出了高保真数字信号获取系统的结构,分析了为生成高保真语音数字信号文件应注意的器件选择、电路设计和编程实现方法,总结了高保真数字信号获取系统四个主要环节,提出了相应的设计原则。     

基于CMOS的图像传感技术及其在军事中的应用

随着超大规模集成技术的发展,CMOS图像传感器显示出强劲的发展趋势.CMOS图像传感器具有在单芯片内集成时序和控制电路、A/D转换、信号处理等功能.这里介绍了CMOS图像传感器的结构和工作原理,并与CCD图像传感器进行比较,论述了CMOS图像传感器最新进展及其在军事中的应用.     

多重网格法求解静电像管三维电场的若干问题研究

详细讨论了多重网法数值求解三维静电场的若干数学问题,诸如三维多重网格法的限制与延拓公式推导、确定静电像管三维电子光学系统中的锥面电极、圆筒电极、球面电极、圆孔膜片电极、孔电极等的空间位置及范围的方法、以及迭代计算的逻辑尺编码方法等,为像管电子光学系统设计及优化设计奠定了良好基础.     

光码分多址系统中多维地址码的构造及分析

光码分多址（OCDMA）技术主要运用于接入网中,设计大容量、低误码率的地址码是该技术实用化的前提。本文在光正交码（OOC）的基础上,分析了二维光正交码（2D—OOC）和三维光正交码（3D—OOC）的构造方法,并对三种地址码的性能进行了数值仿真。结果表明：三维地址码容量最大,带宽利用率较好,误码率较低,表现出的性能整体较好。