Asymmetric information and third-party intervention in civil wars

I study a two-period model of conflict with two combatants and a third party who is an ally of one of the combatants. The third party is fully informed about the type of her ally but not about the type of her ally’s enemy. In a signaling game, I find that if the third party is unable to give a sufficiently high assistance to her ally, then there exists a unique separating equilibrium in which the third party’s expected intervention causes her ally’s enemy to exert more effort than in the absence of third-party intervention; this worsens the conflict.     

基于ANP的多目标网络目标重要度评估方法

摘　要：目标重要度分析是军事计划人员开发作战计划方案的前提和基础,是形成作战行动的基本依据。针对多目标网络中重心的抽象性及不易打击的特点,分析影响重心的关键要素及其依赖关系,提出了基于改进网络分析法的多目标网络重心模型,利用该模型分析目标相对于重心的重要度。研究了该模型涉及的两个关键技术,即改进判断矩阵以提高决策的速度和克服决策的主观性,利用协调理论确定要素之间的依赖关系。以分析某地区多目标网络的过程为例,验证了该模型的有效性和合理性。     

基于RSSI线性回归分析的无线传感器网络定位方法

在无线传感器网络（WSN）定位应用中,针对接收信号强度指示（RSSI）容易受到环境的影响不能实现准确测距的问题,提出了一种基于RSSI线性回归分析的定位方法。该方法通过信号衰减模型和线性回归理论相结合,修正实际环境下每个锚节点的测距模型,同时利用相关系数和剩余标准差对测距模型进行评估,制定出更加合理的定位策略。实验表明,采用修正的测距模型和新的定位策略,使得节点定位精度明显提高。     

机动目标跟踪的非线性算法

卡尔曼滤波器对线性高斯滤波问题能提供最优解, 而对目标运动模型、观测方程等要求的非线性就不再适合,提出了一种机动目标自适应非线性粒子滤波算法-" 粒子滤波器"(Particle Filters PF)法, 这种方法不受线性化误差和高斯噪声假定的限制,适用于任何状态转换或测量模型, 分析比较了粒子滤波(PF)与扩展卡尔曼滤波算法(EKF) 的滤波精度、运算量等方面指标.给出了基于典型非线性模型的算法仿真, 仿真结果表明粒子滤波新方法优于EKF对机动目标跟踪.     

Bayesian inference for a Lanchester type combat model

We undertake inference for a stochastic form of the Lanchester combat model. In particular, given battle data, we assess the type of battle that occurred and whether or not it makes any difference to the number of casualties if an army is attacking or defending. Our approach is Bayesian and we use modern computational techniques to fit the model. We illustrate our method using data from the Ardennes campaign. We compare our results with previous analyses of these data by Bracken and Fricker. Our conclusions are somewhat different to those of Bracken. Where he suggests that a linear law is appropriate, we show that the logarithmic or linear‐logarithmic laws fit better. We note however that the basic Lanchester modeling assumptions do not hold for the Ardennes data. Using Fricker's modified data, we show that although his “super‐logarithmic” law fits best, the linear, linear‐logarithmic, and logarithmic laws cannot be ruled out. We suggest that Bayesian methods can be used to make inference for battles in progress. We point out a number of advantages: Prior information from experts or previous battles can be incorporated; predictions of future casualties are easily made; more complex models can be analysed using stochastic simulation techniques. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 47: 541–558, 2000     

基于概率推断网的水雷战专家系统

针对反水雷作战决策的需要,运用贝叶斯推理、模糊逻辑以及可信度不确定推理方法,设计了一个基于概率推断网的水雷战专家系统.利用该系统可得出两种结论:一是利用计算概率的方法得出的结论,二是利用计算可信因子方法得出的结论,两种结论呈现定量和定性的互补关系.可较好地为反水雷作战指挥员提供辅助决策,以减少舰船遭毁伤的概率.     

基于贝叶斯决策方法的项目管理能力评估研究

项目管理能力是评价科研单位是否具有牵头组织能力的重要指标之一。针对现有评价方法在稳定性、科学性方面的不足，以传统的科研项目管理能力评估方法为基础，引入贝叶斯理论，建立了贝叶斯决策评估模型，并利用实际案例验证了其在科研项目管理能力评估中的有效性。结果表明，该评估方法能够充分利用历史资料和专家意见，对初步评估结果进行再度评估，具有较强的客观性、准确性。     

基于统一理论框架的故障诊断模型及学习进化方法

本文以概率图理论为基础，系统研究了基于这一理论框架的故障诊断模型，对模型的构建方法以及在不同场景下的模型演化方案进行了探讨，使得在统一理论框架下可实现多模式系统故障诊断、耦合故障诊断、动态故障诊断、故障预测等复杂情形的诊断。为了弥补单独利用基于模型的方法和基于数据的方法的缺陷，研究了诊断模型的学习进化策略，实现了诊断效果的改进和优化。另外，对模型后续的能力扩展和可能的研究方向进行了展望，为后续理论研究提供了参考。     

基于贝叶斯方法的舰船辐射噪声估计

对于潜艇战和反潜战来说,目标的噪声特点和噪声等级是进行声纳作用距离估计的一个重要参数。为了对不确定水声战场环境中的舰船辐射噪声进行有效估计,运用贝叶斯方法分别对正态分布和均匀分布的辐射噪声作了最小均方误差估计和最大后验概率估计,对不同情况下的舰船辐射噪声的估计提供了一种可靠的方法。通过这种方法得出舰船辐射噪声一定的统计规律,为指挥员的精确决策提供信息基础。     

Pairwise model discrimination with applications in lifetime distributions and degradation processes

Reliability data obtained from life tests and degradation tests have been extensively used for purposes such as estimating product reliability and predicting warranty costs. When there is more than one candidate model, an important task is to discriminate between the models. In the literature, the model discrimination was often treated as a hypothesis test and a pairwise model discrimination procedure was carried out. Because the null distribution of the test statistic is unavailable in most cases, the large sample approximation and the bootstrap were frequently used to find the acceptance region of the test. Although these two methods are asymptotically accurate, their performance in terms of size and power is not satisfactory in small sample size. To enhance the small‐sample performance, we propose a new method to approximate the null distribution, which builds on the idea of generalized pivots. Conventionally, the generalized pivots were often used for interval estimation of a certain parameter or function of parameters in presence of nuisance parameters. In this study, we further extend the idea of generalized pivots to find the acceptance region of the model discrimination test. Through extensive simulations, we show that the proposed method performs better than the existing methods in discriminating between two lifetime distributions or two degradation models over a wide range of sample sizes. Two real examples are used to illustrate the proposed methods.