求解跨音速流动时物面边界条件的处理方法

用时间相关法求解跨音速流动时,合理而有效地处理物面边界条件是十分重要的。本文提出几种物面边界条件的处理方法,并对几个例子进行了数值试验,对其结果进行了讨论。     

传热对水边界层流动的影响

本文评述了壁面传热对水边界层流体流动及其阻力的影响,同时分析了加热减阻的应用及其影响因素。传热不仅对层流流动、层流向湍流的转捩以及湍流流动有明显的影响,而且对流动分离以及由分离引起的空化也有显著影响。以热脉冲加热的主动式加热方式既可用来产生和消除边界层的T-S波,也能用来控制边界层的分离。因此,热控制技术可望在控制边界层转捩和分离,减小流动阻力等方面得到应用。     

气动剥离液滴的附面层分析方法

本文根据附面层理论,对高速气流中的液滴,因气流和液滴表面相互作用而产生的气动剥离现象进行了分析,建立了气液两相附面层耦合问题的理论分析模型,得到了发生气动剥离时的最小气流速度的计算公式,为液体燃料在高速气流申雾化机理研究提供参考。     

车载式回转起竖平台起竖执行机构选型分析

给出了车载式回转起竖平台起竖执行机构可供选用的机构方案;重点讨论了包含一个可变长度构件且为滚珠丝杆的四连杆机构——摇块机构和转动导杆机构两方案的结构参数计算方法和受力分析方法;通过对比分析,在满足功能要求的前提下,确定了相对较优的摇块机构方案并付之实践,效果理想。     

一种提高应用层组播转发速率的机制

针对应用层组播报文转发的特点,提出了一种能够提高应用层组播转发速率的新机制.该机制降低了应用层组播报文从主机内存到网卡缓冲区之间数据复制的次数,节省了CPU处理开销.理论分析表明该机制能够降低应用层组播延迟和提高应用层组播转发速率.实验验证了该机制的可行性与有效性.     

摩擦电喷镀Ni-Co-MoS2复合镀层摩擦学性能研究

采用摩擦电喷镀技术制备Ni-Co-MoS2复合镀层,系统试验研究了复合镀层的摩擦学性能。结果表明,Ni-Co-MoS2复合镀层在滑动摩擦条件下,摩擦因数主要取决于镀层中MoS2微粒的含量、滑动速度和载荷;MoS2微粒的减磨作用,可有效改善镀层的耐磨性;在滑动摩擦条件下,Ni-Co-MoS2复合镀层的耐磨性能将随MoS2含量的提高而提高。     

分布式卫星系统相对运动的Hamilton力学建模及求解方法研究

介绍了地球扁率摄动下分布式卫星系统(DSS,Distributed Satellite System)相对运动的Hamilton动力学模型,给出DSS相对运动的Hamilton正则方程;针对地球扁率摄动下DSS相对运动的两点边值问题,提出了一种基于生成函数的打靶求解法,应用该方法对地球扁率摄动下DSS高精度构型调整问题进行了计算,结果表明该算法具有较高的计算效率,可有效避免维数灾难问题。     

横向扰动对超声速混合层被动标量混合影响分析

采用大涡模拟数值计算二维空间发展的超声速混合层,重点分析横向扰动对混合层的标量结构、标量厚度以及标量体积卷吸率的影响。采用理论模型验证了数值方法在计算标量混合特性方面的准确性。结果表明,横向扰动频率和振幅明显影响着混合层的标量增长率和卷吸率。高频扰动增大了混合层近场标量增长率和卷吸率,但是低频扰动改善了混合层远场标量增长率。大尺度涡卷吸过程对混合层标量卷吸率起决定作用。多频扰动有效地增强了超声速混合层的标量混合。     

高超声速飞行器中若干气动难题的实验研究

回顾了近几年本研究团队在高超声速飞行器若干气动难题方面的实验研究进展。在边界层转捩方面,测量了边界层转捩现象,研究了攻角效应对圆锥边界层转捩的影响,获得了边界层转捩的脉动特性以其对飞行器表面热流和摩阻的影响。在激波-边界层干扰方面,分析了突起物形状变化对流动特性的影响,研究了复杂外形的流动特性。     

SECURITY GOVERNANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA

In the ten years since the establishment of South Africa's first inclusive democratic government, an ambitious, extensive and systematic process of reform has been carried out in the governance of security. The process is widely regarded as having been successful and a model for other processes of ‘security sector reform’ in the context of transitions from authoritarian forms of governance to democratic ones.

That this been achieved with hardly a shot fired in anger is a remarkable achievement and a credit to visionary political leadership as well as organisational capacity, in other words to effective security governance.

At the same time, progress has been uneven and sometimes fragmentary, policy intentions and commitments have not always been translated into practice, the end results have not been to everyone's liking, and transformation has engendered its own pathologies. Thus several challenges remain in improving security governance.

This article provides a broad overview of the roles played by the various actors in the governance of the security sector, including the executive, parliament and civil society. It examines the main policy frameworks and touches on organisational transformation, because it is impossible to deal with governance in isolation from these issues. Policy processes and the frameworks they give rise to—in particular—are critical for effective governance. This article deals with the defence, safety and security and intelligence fields. A comprehensive overview would need to include the governance of criminal justice and foreign policy. The article does not seek to make an overall evaluation of governance, but to identify achievements, shortfalls and challenges.