Optimizing natural gas pipeline transmission with nonuniform elevation: A new initialization approach

In this paper, we develop an iterative piecewise linear approximation approach with a novel initialization method to solve natural gas pipeline transmission problems with the nonuniform network elevation. Previous approaches, such as energy minimization methods, cannot be applied to solve problems with the nonuniform network elevation because they exclude pressure range constraints, and thus provide solutions far from optimum. We propose a new initialization model that considers pressure range constraints and improves the optimality of the solutions and the computational efficiency. Furthermore, we extend the energy minimization methods and provide the necessary conditions under which the extended methods operate in networks with the nonuniform elevation. We test the performances of the methods with previously reported pipeline networks from the literature, with the open data set GasLib, and with our industrial collaborator. The initialization approach is shown to be more efficient than the method with fixed initial breakpoints. The newly proposed initialization approach generates solutions with a higher accuracy than the extended energy minimization methods, especially in large‐size networks. The proposed method has been applied to natural gas transmission planning by the China National Petroleum Corporation and has brought a direct profit increase of 330 million U.S. dollars in 2015‐2017.     

新冠肺炎动态病死率分析与疫情预测方法研究【专题】

新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎防控是国家安全体系的重要“战场”，疫情趋势预测是开展疫情科学防控和精准防控的重要基础。本文阐述了疫情动态病死率概念，分析了疫情动态病死率函数和时间曲线，提出了动态病死率发展的3个重要拐点，从动态病死率和新增确诊病人数两个维度，构建了拟合曲线函数，并对疫情发展趋势进行了预测。研究发现，截至2月10日，本次疫情动态病死率已经经过了第3个拐点，趋于稳定；预计到2月16日左右，新增确诊人数达到第3个拐点，进入缓慢下降期；预计2月底底至3月初，每日新增确诊人数将在1000人以内，全国最终的“病死率”将在2%～4%左右。该预测方法是一种运用系统外部特征信息来研判疫情发展规律的较为简便快捷的方法，对于科学预测疫情发展趋势具有一定的参考借鉴价值。     

kittel型反铁电相变的自由能

根据kittel型反铁电相变对称性的变化 ,选择轴矢量 R作为序参量是合适的。由Landau理论 ,相变温度附近的自由能F就可以写成 R幂级数展开的形式。令 F R=0 ,可得到关于序参量的方程 ,从而获得相变温度与自由能的关系     

基于改进Markov模型软件测试策略

针对已有软件测试Markov模型与工程实践不符的情况，通过引入软件需求覆盖率改进Markov模型。在改进的Markov模型基础上，本文以软件测试过程中测试总代价最小为控制目标，采用交叉熵方法修正测试剖面，由优化测试剖面生成测试用例序列。仿真结果表明这种方法能够有效地降低软件测试总代价，是一种有效的软件测试方法。     

华东烧结模型的数学计算(Ⅲ)

通过热力学分析和计算,讨论等径球(椭球)与均匀分布不等径球(椭球)的体心正方堆积的烧结体积和表面能的变化,包括华东烧结模型中膨胀机制和收缩机制,对烧结体总表面能变化的作用和影响,发现随着烧结过程的进行,烧结收缩机制逐渐占主导地位。     

应急净水系统作业性能试验研究

用应急净水系统净化不同水质的原水，以考察其作业性能。结果表明，出水浊度不受原水浊度的影响，且低于1NTU；在试验原水浊度、温度范围内，出水流量较稳定，产水量符合设计要求；出水水质符合生活饮用水卫生标准的要求。     

Studies on the flame propagation characteristic and thermal hazard of the premixed N2O/fuel mixtures

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the flame propagation and thermal hazard of the premixed N₂O/fuel mixtures, including NH₃, C₃H₈ and C₂H₄. The study provided the high speed video images and data about the flame locations, propagation patterns, overpressures and the quenching diameters during the course of combustion in different channels to elucidate the dynamics of various combustion processes. The onset decomposition temperature was determined using high-performance adiabatic calorimetry. It was shown that the order of the flame acceleration rate and thermal hazard was N₂O/C₂H₄>N₂O/C₃H₈>N₂O/NH₃.     

基于认知无线电的无线传感网系统设计与实现

为了提高认知无线电传感器网络(CRSN)中的能量使用效率和性能指标,提出了一种新的基于认知无线电的无线传感网系统,该系统中的传感器节点均使用改进的机会频谱接入路由协议,提出的协议能够更好地增加网络的可扩展性和提高网络性能。构建了精确的信道模型以便评估复杂的室内环境不同区域的信号强度,通过实验模拟对提出系统的性能进行评估。模拟结果显示,相比其他两种路由协议,提出的协议在吞吐量、包延迟及总能量消耗方面表现更佳。     

等离子体与高功率微波相互作用中电子分布特性

电子数密度是表征等离子体物理特性的一项重要因素,在等离子体与高功率微波的相互作用中,等离子体对入射电磁波的吸收、衰减和屏蔽等电磁特性可通过电子数密度的变化进行表征。基于等离子体流体近似研究方法,利用COMSOL软件求解等离子体中的波动方程、电子传递方程和重粒子传递方程,计算分析了等离子体与高功率微波相互作用中的电子分布特性,重点分析了相互作用中平均电子数密度和平均电子能的数值和空间分布变化过程。研究表明,在高功率微波作用下,等离子体区域电子数密度在数值上会产生剧烈的阶跃变化,形成雪崩效应,在空间分布上电子数密度峰值产生趋于入射方向移动的变化;电子能的变化与入射波激励和电子数密度相关,随入射激励增加呈增长趋势,随电子数密度的增加而减小。     

Traffic channeling under uncertain conversion rates on e-commerce platforms

Traffic is the lifeblood of every e-commerce platform. The question of how to channel traffic to merchants operating on a platform lies at the heart of platform management. We consider a platform on which two independent merchants sell their products. Merchants compete on inventory in the sense that some of the unmet demand at one merchant will spill over to the other. The platform channels traffic based on products' conversion rates to maximize the total sale on the platform. We show that traffic channeling plays three roles. First, it allows more efficient allocation of traffic; that is, the merchant with a high conversion rate is given a higher priority in receiving traffic. Second, it allows the platform to control demand spillover between the merchants to maximize total sales. The platform either facilitates or prevents demand spillover, depending on product substitutability. Third, traffic channeling intensifies competition between the merchants and hence increases the total inventory. More efficient allocation of traffic and the increase in inventory increase sales inequality between the merchants. In contrast, demand spillover decreases sales inequality. While the platform always benefits from traffic channeling, the merchants do not benefit when their products are moderately substitutable. Interestingly, when the two products are owned and sold by the same merchant, the opposite happens–traffic channeling always benefits the merchant but may hurt the platform. Our study provides a basis for informed discussions on how platforms should channel traffic in response to conversion rates, and how traffic channeling affects the welfare of merchants and platforms.