Mandated defence offsets: can they ever deliver?

Defence offsets are elements of defence procurement deals additional to the primary content. Offsets are usually expected to yield technological or industrial benefits to the purchasing country (e.g. countertrade, technology transfers, or additional jobs) and military buyers often require suppliers to make offsets available “cost-free.” The authors argued previously that such strategies achieve little of value to buyers that lack market power and are unnecessary otherwise, since purchasers with the market power to extract more value for money from foreign suppliers can do so anyway. This article also focuses on the supply side of offset deals. The USA is the world's largest defence offsets supplier but the US government opposes offsets demands as economically inefficient and trade distorting. Even if offsets are inefficient and trade distorting, they may still benefit a materiel-exporting country such as the USA as they may induce exports and create associated benefits for the offsets provider.     

盖板式陶瓷热防护系统的传热性能优化

针对高超声速飞行器对盖板式陶瓷热防护系统的迫切需求,建立了热防护系统结构瞬态传热模型;并研究了防隔热层的物性参数,厚度尺寸,相变层的种类、位置等因素对热防护系统结构传热性能的影响。结果表明,隔热层物性参数及厚度尺寸对热防护系统结构传热性能具有决定性影响,而防热层的物性参数及厚度尺寸几乎不产生影响。相变材料的引入能够明显改善热防护系统结构的传热性能。调整和优化相变层位置是改善热防护系统结构传热性能、降低结构厚度的一个有效途径。隔热层厚度的优化结果可为热防护系统结构设计提供一定的参考和依据。     

地月转移轨道设计的改进微分校正方法

地月转移轨道设计是探月关键技术之一,微分校正法是公认的解决非线性迭代问题的有效方法。针对探月任务中地月转移轨道设计精度高、计算速度快等要求,提出一种改进的微分校正快速设计方法。该方法基于DE405/LE405星历数据下日、地、月和地球J2项摄动真实轨道动力学模型,推导了近月点和入轨点设计参数偏导数关系,在积分轨道状态量的同时积分微分校正矩阵,用积分得到的准确微分校正矩阵求逆,快速迭代得到轨道设计结果。仿真结果表明,利用该方法设计地月转移轨道收敛速度远优于同等精度动力学模型—序列二次规划算法。     

Reduction of global effects on vehicles after IED detonations

Global effects caused by the detonation of an IED near a military vehicle induce subsequent severe acceleration effects on the vehicle occupants. Two concepts to minimize these global effects were developed, with the help of a combined method based on a scaled experimental technology and numerical simulations. The first concept consists in the optimization of the vehicle shape to reduce the momentum transfer and thus the occupant loading. Three scaled V-shaped vehicles with different ground clearances were built and compared to a reference vehicle equipped with a flat floor. The second concept, called dynamic impulse compensation (DIC), is based on a momentum compensation technique. The principal possibility of this concept was demonstrated on a scaled vehicle. In addition, the numerical simulations have been performed with generic full size vehicles including dummy models, proving the capability of the DIC technology to reduce the occupant loading.     

对某型增压锅炉过热器热特性计算方法的修正

结合高增压锅炉蒸汽过热器管束中传热的计算方法和某高增压锅炉蒸汽过热器的结构特点,建立了该蒸汽过热器管束传热的数学模型,并对该过热器热特性的计算方法进行了修正,最终通过计算得到了该过热器后的烟气温度分布.     

二维损耗和色散介质光子晶体传输特性的研究

将传输矩阵法(TMM)用于光子晶体传输特性的研究,采用Mur近似吸收边界和周期边界来截断计算区域,计算了以TM模正入射时,二维方格子光子晶体在完整周期结构下的透过率谱;在微波波段制作了光子晶体模型,并设计了实验装置,实验与数值模拟计算结果相符合;另外还研究了有损介质光子晶体、色散和吸收介质光子晶体的传输特性,及其对光子禁带的影响。     

纵向涡发生器对棒状燃料元件温度场的影响分析

运用CFD方法,模拟计算了在反应堆棒状燃料元件包壳表面加装纵向涡产生器(LVG)后,燃料棒、气隙、包壳和冷却剂的温度场和冷却剂的流场。计算时采用分块结构网格对带LVG的计算区域划分网格,使用SSTk-ω模型模拟冷却剂的湍流流动,对于控制方程和湍流方程的离散采用二阶格式以保证计算精度。计算结果表明:加装LVG后,包壳和冷却剂间的换热有所改善,燃料棒、气隙和包壳的最高温度有所降低。在LVG附近,燃料棒、气隙、包壳和冷却剂温度均会出现一个峰值,然后急剧下降。冷却剂流动的湍动能突然增强,有效地增强了冷却剂的横向流动,经过LVG后,湍动能逐渐减弱,横向流动速度也逐渐减小。     

坦克动力装置润滑系统计算与分析

本文介绍了车用内燃机润滑系统流动与传热仿真方法.采用一维的方法研究了车用内燃机润滑系统流动问题;采用网络法研究了车用内燃机润滑系统的传热问题,并建立了润滑系统各部件的传热数学模型.编制了计算程序.对某型坦克内燃机润滑系统的流动与传热进行了实例计算,仿真结果与试验值符合较好.     

坦克动力舱空气流动与传热影响因素的仿真研究

以k-ε两方程湍流模型和非结构化网格为基础,利用FLUENT软件针对某型主战坦克动力舱内的空气流场和温度场进行了三维数值仿真计算与分析,得出了环境温度、压力和坦克行驶速度等因素对动力舱内的空气流动和传热的影响关系.     

Facility location for an extraterrestrial production/distribution system

This paper extends traditional production/distribution system analysis to address raw material, factories, and markets located beyond Earth. It explains the eventual advantages of such operations and discusses likely sites in the solar system. It furnishes a typology for production/distribution systems, assessing the fit of each type to space operations. It briefly reviews the physics of orbits. It develops transportation and inventory cost functions for the simplest case of Hohmann trajectories, and for transportation between circular orbits of similar radii using higher‐energy trajectories. These cost functions are used to derive a model of production/distribution system cost, the minimization of which selects an optimal factory location. The paper suggests potential extensions to this work, and concludes with ideas for location research on the novel reaches of extraterrestrial space. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.