空间交战仿真

本文描述了综合空间交战仿真程序开发的步骤,给出了一个候选的顶级软件结构的梅思。实际上,空间防御仿真和 SDI 仿真存在要求上的重复,因此某些子模块的应用能够满足两者的需求。这就使防止重复劳动和开发多用户使用模型成了一大难题。为了能够解决一部分这类问题,专门成立了空间防御模拟和分析顾问小组。     

艰难的“氢弹决策”

第二次世界大战后，美苏展开了长达40余年的冷战，以核武器为重要标志的军备竞赛，如同“达摩克利斯之剑”，将全世界都笼罩在“第三次世界大战”、“核冬天”的阴影之下。1950年1月，美国总统杜鲁门作出研发氢弹的决定，成为一项在整个冷战期间具有里程碑意义的战略决策。     

二维超声速空气引射器启动特性试验研究

超声速引射器是高空模拟试车台的重要组件,在发动机启动前利用引射器对试验舱预抽真空,可避免发动机启动初始时刻燃气漏入试验舱造成燃气在发动机中分离,对获取发动机在高空环境下的完整推力特性具有重要意义。而该工况下超声速引射器的启动过程是引射器工作过程中最为恶劣的工况,设计不合理的引射器会导致启动压力过高甚至不能实现启动。建立了缩比超声速空气引射器试验台对超声速引射器的启动特性进行研究,采用压力测量方法结合纹影技术对超声速引射器处于极限启动压比时的流场进行了描述,研究结果表明混合室收缩比越小,引射器极限启动压比越低。同时给出了定位超声速引射器不启动原因的判据:当引射器不启动是由引射总压不足引起时,盲腔压力在引射总压提高时降低,并在临界启动状态下达到最小值;而由混合室收缩比过小导致的引射器不启动在引射总压提高时盲腔压力单调上升。     

纯方位目标运动分析的离散时间可观测性和可估计性分析

目前,纯方位跟踪(BOT)的可观测性分析仍然是重要的学术研究课题。与以前的连续时间分析研究不同,我们的研究依赖于离散时间分析。而且还允许我们直接而有效地使用简单的线性代数公式系。使用直接方法,可观测性分析实际上简化为子空间范围的基本研究。虽然这种方法在概念上是相当直接的,但随着源相遇情况复杂性的增加,它会变得越来越复杂。对于复杂情况,由于直接使用多重线性代数方法,对偶方法可能体现某些基本优点。因此得出关于机动源的BOT可观测性的新结果。继而可将可观测性分析扩展到源速度变化的未知时刻。 尽管可观测性分析使我们能更充分地了解BOT问题的代数结构,但观测者机动的最优化实际上是一个控制问题。基本代数研究证明这种控制问题的相关成本函数是费歇尔信息矩阵(FIM)的行列式。因此大部分工作集中在对这个成本泛函的分析上。使用多重线性代数给出了这个泛函的一般近似。这些近似结果表明最感兴趣的事仅涉及到直接可估计参数,即源方位变化率。用这些近似,可导出最优化观测者轨迹的一般框架,这允许我们近似最优控制序列。值得强调的是我们的方法不需要有关源轨迹参数的知识且对机动源仍然有效。     

选择合理的显示系统

选用哪一种字符产生技术是一个深受信息显示系统总体设计制约的问题。例如,如果不是直接用作数字显示而是用作图形显示的话,就要求不同的字符产生器。如果显示器是作为“单个”（stand alone）设备,而不是像通常用于飞机场那样的成套的终端,也就会选择不同的系统。如果要使形成的系统满足设计的要求,不仅需要考虑到上述这些运用因     

一种新的非线性PCM编码器

已经研制出一种新的非线性编码器、解码器和PAM级。该系统适合于速率为6.3兆比特/秒的8位PCM码的传输。这相当于96个时分复用话路。压缩特性是对数型的,压缩和扩张的过程是以数字方式完成的。为了消除可能的失真,在编码过程中,编码器避免对PAM抽样的整流。本文给出实验模型的详细电路图。也讨论了应用于实验系统中的改进了的PAM抽样门。最后给出实验结果。     

车轮浪漫曲

1949年1月,我在新泽西州的迪克斯堡结束了步兵基础训练,当时只有17岁的我正值年少气盛,血气方刚,感觉自己就像是电影《第一滴血》中兰博那样的硬汉。陆军派我到弗吉尼亚州的李营（现在的李堡）,担任营区司令部的办事员。我有生以来离开生长的纽约布鲁克林,到过最远的地方就是新泽西州的霍博肯了,因此当时的我可以说是心潮澎湃,急切地渴望着会有一番兰博式的冒险经历。     

A platform for initial testing of multiple camouflage patterns

The human visual system is still an important factor in military warfare; military personnel receive training on effective search strategies, and camouflage that can effectively conceal objects and personnel is a key component of a successful integrated survivability strategy. Previous methods of camouflage assessment have, amongst others, used psychophysics to generate distinctiveness metrics. However, the population from which the human observers are drawn is often not well defined, or necessarily appropriate. In this experiment we designed a new platform for testing multiple patterns based on a camouflaged object detection task, and investigate whether trained military observers perform better than civilians. We use a two-alternative forced choice paradigm, with participants searching images of woodland for a replica military helmet displaying Olive Green, Multi Terrain Pattern, US Marine Pattern or, as a conspicuous control, UN Peacekeeper Blue. Our data show that there is no difference in detection performance between the two observer groups but that there are clear differences in the effectiveness of the different helmet colour patterns in a temperate woodland environment. We conclude that when tasks involve very short stimulus presentation times, task-specific training has little effect on the success of target detection and thus this paradigm is particularly suitable for robust estimates of camouflage efficacy.     

Field test and probabilistic analysis of irregular steel debris casualty risks from a person-borne improvised explosive device

Person-borne improvised explosive devices (PBIEDs) are often used in terrorist attacks in Western countries. This study aims to predict the trajectories of PBIED fragments and the subsequent safety risks for people exposed to this hazard. An explosive field test with a typical PBIED composed of a plastic explosive charge and steel nut enhancements was performed to record initial fragment behaviour, including positions, velocity, and trajectory angles. These data were used to predict the full trajectory of PBIED fragments using a probabilistic analysis. In the probabilistic analyses a probability of fatality or serious injury was computed. Based on the results presented, many practical conclusions can be drawn, for instance, regarding safe evacuation distances if a person were exposed to a suspected PBIED.     

Improvement of VIS and IR camouflage properties by impregnating cotton fabric with PVB/IF-WS2

In order to examine the possibility to improve its camouflage properties standard cotton fabric with camouflage print was impregnated with poly(vinyl butyral), PVB and fullerene-like nanoparticles of tungsten disulfide, PVB/IF-WS₂. FTIR analysis excluded any possible chemical interaction of IF-WS₂ with PVB and the fabric. The camouflage behavior of the impregnated fabric has been examined firstly in the VIS part of the spectrum. Diffuse reflection, specular gloss and color coordinates were measured for three different shades (black, brown and dark green). Thermal imaging was applied to examine the camouflage abilities of this impregnation in IR part of the spectrum. The obtained results show that PVB/IF-WS₂ impregnation system induced enhacement of the materials camouflage properties, i.e. that IF-WS₂ have a positive effect on spectrophotometric characteristics of the fabric.