亚历山大建筑思想之解析

作为20世纪杰出的建筑规划改革思想家,克里斯托弗·亚力山大在建筑的理论和实践方面都有深远的影响。文章对亚氏的建筑思想进行了探讨,对其理论著作和思想发展过程作了一定的分析,阐述了亚氏的模式语言和无名特质所带来的建筑理论和实践的变革,指出以使用者亲自感受为中心、强调公众参与设计是亚氏理论的核心内容。     

“It would be impossible to estimate the value of these works...” Mass Production at Springfield Armory during the American Civil War

The U.S. Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, rarely appears in Civil War histories except perhaps as an unexplained statistical wonder. By late 1863, the Armory was the largest single supplier of rifles to Union forces. Springfield Armory workers out-produced over thirty American contractors, making more Army rifles at less cost while providing contractors with gauges, inspectors, and models, even though there were significant wartime private-sector mechanical innovations. This article identifies and explains the factors in the Armory’s success, provides context on contemporary American arms production and rifle models, and argues that the Armory’s methods and performance were among the first if not the first example of mass production in American small arms manufacture. The relative brevity of the Civil War episode, and the fact that it was not repeated in any comparable way at the Armory until World War II, has obscured its significance in American manufacturing history.