转向机动拖曳线列阵空间谱稀疏重构

目标左右舷模糊是利用常规单根拖曳线列阵声纳探测目标时最具欺骗性的干扰之一,严重制约了拖线阵声纳的实际探测效能。根据拖线阵转向机动过程中的目标方位变化特征,提出了一种机动拖线阵空间谱稀疏重构方法。建立了拖线阵在转向过程中的接收信号稀疏模型;构建了基于多个波束域快拍的空间谱联合稀疏重构模型,采用前后向算子分裂方法进行高效的迭代求解。数据仿真结果表明,与常规波束形成方法相比,该方法可以有效地抑制左右舷模糊目标,同时具有更好的角度分辨率。最后通过海上试验数据初步验证了该方法的可行性。     

鱼雷目标定位跟踪技术

对鱼雷目标进行定位跟踪是舰艇反鱼雷的关键,报警声纳能够给出水下鱼雷目标的方位信息,但仅利用方位信息对鱼雷目标进行定位跟踪是不够的。对本水面舰艇舰壳声纳和拖线阵声纳纯方位协同探测可行性进行分析,并对协同探测条件下鱼雷目标定位跟踪算法进行探讨,建立可应用于鱼雷目标定位跟踪的滤波算法模型,对其定位精度进行分析,并与最小二乘算法进行比较,通过仿真比较,最终确定出可用于鱼雷目标定位跟踪的算法模型。     

利用会聚区隐蔽解算目标运动要素的方法

在浅海,当被动声纳探测到目标后,由于舰艇间不断的运动,测得的目标方位随时间的不同而不断地发生变化,利用目标方位的变化,通过纯方位法和滤波估计等方法可解算出目标的运动要素.当声纳利用深海会聚区的声学效应在远距离上探测到目标时,因舰艇被动声纳在隐蔽条件下往往只能测得目标的方位,此时的目标方位随着时间的不同变化很小,难以利用浅海的解算方法求出目标的运动要素.为解决这一问题,基于对深海会聚区声学效应的分析,提出了利用会聚区宽度等特点,采用本舰艇合理机动的方式,来求解目标的运动要素的方法.通过对本舰艇各种可能机动方式的建模和计算机仿真计算的结果可见,该方法可行,且在第一、第二会聚区效果明显.     

编队对潜作战中抗友邻舰干扰方法

针对编队远程水下警戒中拖曳线列阵声纳抗编队中友邻舰辐射噪声干扰问题,基于拖曳线列阵声纳的检测性能,由友邻干扰时空频特征,给出了产生干扰盲区与左右舷镜像源的原因。分析了两种抗友邻干扰"软补盲"方法的优缺点,并通过计算机仿真双舰编队在平行搜索且只有一条拖曳线列阵工作模式下,得到了未使用抗干扰和采用"软补盲"抗干扰方法后对于被动拖曳线列阵声纳检测性能产生的不同影响,并根据影响结果给出了平行搜索方式下使用"软补盲"抗干扰方法后的队形配置建议与作战指挥原则。     

基于方位量测的舰艇对潜定位技术研究

结合舰艇拖曳线列阵声纳实际搜潜装备,利用舰载线列阵声纳测得的潜艇目标方位信息,建立了基于方位量测的舰艇对潜艇目标定位的数学模型,给出求解潜艇运动参数的定位算法,并对定位误差进行了分析,在定位模型及算法的基础上,仿真研究了潜艇与舰艇之间的初始距离、舰艇测得潜艇目标初始方位角、潜艇航向等因素对定位性能的影响,给出仿真结果并进行了分析,该结果对于指导实际反潜具有一定的实用价值。     

基于方位量测的舰艇对潜定位技术研究*

结合舰艇拖曳线列阵声纳实际搜潜装备,利用舰载线列阵声纳测得的潜艇目标方位信息,建立了基于方位量测的舰艇对潜艇目标定位的数学模型,给出求解潜艇运动参数的定位算法,并对定位误差进行了分析,在定位模型及算法的基础上,仿真研究了潜艇与舰艇之间的初始距离、舰艇测得潜艇目标初始方位角、潜艇航向等因素对定位性能的影响,给出仿真结果并进行了分析,该结果对于指导实际反潜具有一定的实用价值.     

基于目标舷角分布范围的拖线阵声纳左右舷分辨推理模型

被动拖曳线列阵声纳存在目标左右舷模糊的问题,现有分辨模型可能导致误判。为克服现有模型的误判问题,综合考虑目标距离、初始舷角以及本舰机动角度等重要影响因素,建立了本舰转向完成重新测得目标时目标舷角(θ1)分布范围的解算模型。基于该模型得到目标分别位于本舰左舷或右舷时目标舷角对应的分布区间1和区间2。根据区间1和区间2的不同组合以及θ1值落在区间1和区间2的不同情形,建立了拖曳线列阵声纳左右舷的新模型。最后,实例验证了模型的适用性和正确性。     

基于方位数值拟合的目标机动改变判断*

被动声纳和侦察雷达等传感器材对目标的探测仅能获取目标方位信息。虽然基于纯方位信息和探测平台机动位置的方位平差法,能够解算得出定向定速运动目标的要素,然而在实际作战应用中,目标可能会频繁地出现转向机动,使运动要素永远也不可能收敛。判明目标改变机动具有十分重要的战术价值。本文研究给出了一种基于时间方位拟合的目标转向运动判断方法,并结合典型态势进行了仿真分析,得出了拟合判断参数,研究结果为目标运动要素解算控制、潜艇查明水面舰艇巡逻线等作战应用提供目标转向判断依据。与方位滤波方法相比,这一方法概念清晰、算法简单、实用性强。     

应召平行搜索方法的多舰协同搜潜概率

在对舰载拖曳线列阵声纳搜潜原理及多舰应召平行搜索方法研究的基础上,建立了在潜艇初始位置已知、航向及航速未知的条件下,多艘舰艇利用拖曳线列阵声纳对潜艇目标进行搜索的数学模型,采用蒙特卡罗方法仿真分析了舰艇与潜艇最大速度比值,舰艇组成搜索队形位置点与最后发现潜艇位置点之间的距离,舰艇之间间距与舰艇声纳作用距离的比值,及最后发现潜艇时刻到舰艇开始搜索时刻所需时间等因素对搜潜概率的影响,获得了有益的效果。     

基于方位和多普勒频移的目标机动检测方法研究

研究目标在机动前后均做匀速直线运动,在某一时刻做折线机动的机动目标跟踪检测问题。根据被动观测器测得目标方位和多普勒频移信息,结合方位、多普勒频移测量条件下目标跟踪的特点,建立了基于方位和多普勒频移的要素解算模型,提出了基于要素解算结果的机动检测方法,给出了机动时刻的估计算法,并进行了仿真计算,验证了此方法的有效性。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.