Security sector reform in Africa: Donor approaches versus local needs

Many African states have security sector reform (SSR) programs. These are often internationally funded. But how do such programs account for previously existing security institutions and the security needs of local communities? This article examines SSR all over Africa to assess local ownership and path dependency from a New Institutionalist perspective. It finds that SSR, particularly in post-conflict countries, tends to be driven by ideas and perceptions of international donors promoting generalized blueprints. Often, such programs only account in a very limited way for path-dependent aspects of security institutions or the local context. Hence, the reforms often lack local participation and are thus not accepted by the local community eventually.     

Riccati传递矩阵法在潜艇结构强度和稳定性分析中的应用

运用Riccati传递矩阵方法,建立了旋转壳单元的场传递矩阵,推导了肋骨和母线倾角不连续位置的点传递矩阵,在推导中考虑了肋骨各方向可能的变形,编制了用于分析组合加肋旋转壳应力和稳定性的计算机程序(应力程序SAPRi,稳定性程序BAPRi)。利用SAPRi程序和BAPRi程序对潜艇耐压结构的典型结构算例进行了应力和稳定性分析,并将计算结果与理论结果或商用软件(MSC/NASTRAN)的计算结果进行比较,表明该程序结果正确可信,计算速度快,适合于工程应用。     

Quadratic programming with quadratic constraints

A program with a quadratic objective function and quadratic constraints is considered. Two duals to such programs are provided, and an algorithm is presented based upon approximations to the duals. The algorithm consists of a sequence of linear programs and programs involving the optimization of a quadratic function either unconstrained or constrained to the nonnegative orthant. An example involving production planning is presented.     

A Question of ‘Government’ Control: Afghanistan DDR Programs Since 2001

Since the fall of the Taliban in late 2001, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA), the United States, the United Nations, and the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) have funded and led three different Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) programs. Despite a significant investment in time and treasure, all of them have failed to significantly reduce the number of insurgents or arbaki (militia). This article explores why these programs failed despite incorporating ideas from the prominent DDR schools of thought. Utilizing Stathis Kalyvas’ theory of The Logic of Violence in Civil War as a lens, this article argues that GIRoA and ISAF did not have sufficient control of territory to entice insurgents or arbaki to reconcile and/or reintegrate with the government. Further, in areas GIRoA nominally controlled in northern and western Afghanistan, regional powerbrokers who controlled these areas balked at these programs.     

India’s emerging space assets and nuclear-weapons capabilities

ABSTRACT

Over the last five decades, India’s nuclear and space programs have gone through several phases, from collaboration to divorce to supportive. An interplay of two factors determined the nature of the relationship. One was the state of India’s nuclear-weapon program. The second was international conditions, especially India’s relationship with the nuclear-nonproliferation regime. In the early decades, because of the rudimentary nature of India’s nuclear and space programs, the relationship was collaborative, since the rocket technology being developed was a necessary adjunct to the nuclear-weapon program. Subsequently, as India’s rocketry capabilities and nuclear-weapon program began to mature and concerns about international sanctions under the non-proliferation regime began to grow, the two programs were separated. The Indian rocketry program was also divided, with the civilian-space and ballistic-missile programs clearly demarcated. After India declared itself a nuclear-weapon state in 1998 and the programs matured, the relationship has become more supportive. As the two programs mature further, this relationship is likely to deepen, as the nuclear-weapon program requires space assets to build a robust and survivable nuclear deterrent force.     

加强新疆高校学位点建设工作的思考

学位点建设是一项系统工程，学位点的多少和层次可以体现一所学校学科建设和师资队伍建设的水平。本文通过与西部重点高校学位点建设现状的比较，分析了新疆高校学位点建设中存在的问题，提出了加强学位点建设的措施。     

A note on integer linear fractional programming

This note consists of developing a method for enforcing additional constraints to linear fractional programs and showing its usefulness in solving integer linear fractional programs.     

Exploiting the Challenges to Bioweapons Development

ABSTRACT

Widespread and often exaggerated generalizations about the global spread weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) have proven to be not only misleading and technologically naïve, but also unhelpful in formulating effective policies to counter their threat. The new book by George Mason University's Sonia Ben Ouagrham-Gormley dispels the popular narrative that governments and terror groups can easily—and inevitably will—develop WMDs, particularly biological weapons, by exploring the complex external and internal conditions that such programs require, as demonstrated by the Cold War-era biological weapon programs of the superpowers. This empirically grounded and realistic assessment of how states try—and often fail—to develop such programs offers a more reliable basis to craft realistic counterproliferation policies that can elicit international support.     

Equitable bandwidth allocation in content distribution networks

Applications for content distribution over networks, such as Video‐on‐Demand (VOD), are expected to grow significantly over time. Effective bandwidth allocation schemes that can be repeatedly executed must be deployed since new programs are often installed at various servers while other are deleted. We present a model for bandwidth allocation in a content distribution network that consists of multiple trees, where the root of each tree has a server that broadcasts multiple programs throughout the tree. Each network link has limited capacity and may be used by one or more of these trees. The model is formulated as an equitable resource allocation problem with a lexicographic maximin objective function that attempts to provide equitable service performance for all requested programs at the various nodes. The constraints include link capacity constraints and tree‐like ordering constraints imposed on each of the programs. We present an algorithm that provides an equitable solution in polynomial time for certain performance functions. At each iteration, the algorithm solves single‐link maximin optimization problems while relaxing the ordering constraints. The algorithm selects a bottleneck link, fixes various variables at their lexicographic optimal solution while enforcing the ordering constraints, and proceeds with the next iteration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010     

On the distribution of the optimal value for a class of stochastic geometric programs

An approach is presented for obtaining the moments and distribution of the optimal value for a class of prototype stochastic geometric programs with log-normally distributed cost coefficients. It is assumed for each set of values taken on by the cost coefficients that the resulting deterministic primal program is superconsistent and soluble. It is also required that the corresponding dual program has a unique optimal point with all positive components. It is indicated how one can apply the results obtained under the above assumptions to stochastic programs whose corresponding deterministic dual programs need not satisfy the above-mentioned uniqueness and positivity requirements.     

并行程序运行故障原因识别

高性能计算系统的复杂性和规模的不断增长使得系统的平均无故障时间越来越短,因此系统的硬软件故障导致并行程序运行出错的概率随之增加。此外,并行程序本身可能存在的编程错误也会导致运行出错。由于处理上述两类故障原因的措施迥异,所以在程序运行出现故障时,用户需要关注故障原因的类别。针对这一问题,设计和实现了一种基于作业管理系统Slurm的并行程序运行故障原因识别系统。通过对Slurm进行扩展,监控作业状态,重提交和重运行作业。根据作业运行结果,区分故障原因类别。故障注入方式进行的实验表明,该系统具有较高的识别准确率。     

多处理机系统中的宏任务并行

多处理机系统是巨型机的发展方向。宏任务是在多处理机系统上用来加快程序执行的一条主要途径。文中介绍了宏任务并行,描述了宏任务的实现,讨论了编译器和操作系统的支持。最后解释了宏任务的一个程序。     

面向任务的模块化战备方案修订及运用模式

针对当前信息技术发展的推进及部队使命任务的拓展和转型实际,对模块化战备方案研究现状进行了深入分析,面向作战任务,从任务、组织、专业和装备4个方面对模块化的战备方案进行了构建,对战备方案的运用流程进行了描述,而后以特种部队为案例,介绍了具体的模块组成,并引入反恐怖作战行动案例进行了合理性验证。通过模块化战备方案规划,保证不同情况任务模块的构造能力和组合能力,提高了战备方案的灵活性、适用性和可靠性。     

论综合大学中教师教育的师范特色

综合大学举办教师教育具有师范类高校无法比拟的诸多优势，但也有它自身的一些弱势。只有结合实际，坚持师范性，强调师范特色，才能发挥综合大学办教师教育的优势，培养出高质量的师范毕业生。     

Successive approximation in separable programming: An improved procedure for convex separable programs

We implement a solution procedure for general convex separable programs where a series of relatively small piecewise linear programs are solved as opposed to a single large one, and where, based on bound calculations developed in [13] and [14], the ranges of linearization are systematically reduced for successive programs. The procedure inherits ε-convergence to the global optimum in a finite number of steps, but perhaps its most distinct feature is the rigorous way in which ranges containing an optimal solution are reduced from iteration to iteration. This paper describes the procedure, called successive approximation, discusses its convergence, tightness of the bounds, bound-calculation overhead, and its robustness. It presents a computer implementation to demonstrate its effectiveness for general problems and compares it (1) with the more standard separable programming approach and (2) with one of the recent augmented Lagrangian methods [10] included in a comprehensive study of nonlinear programming codes [12]. It seems clear from over 130 cases resulting from 80 distinct problems studied here that significant savings in terms of computational effort can be realized by a judicious use of the procedure, and the ease with which it can be used is appreciably increased by the robustness it shows. Moreover, for most of these problems, the advantage increases as the size, nonlinearity, and the degree of desired accuracy increase. Other important benefits include significantly smaller storage requirements, the ability to estimate the error in the current solution, and to terminate the algorithm as soon as the acceptable level of accuracy has been achieved. Problems requiring up to about 10,000 nonzero elements in their specification and about 45,000 nonzero elements in the generated separable programs resulting from up to 70 original nonlinear variables and 70 nonlinear constraints are included in the computations.     

基于类成员后向切片的面向对象程序回归测试

程序切片是一种重要的程序分析方法,类成员级粒度的切片技术目前仅仅有Tip提出的类层次切片技术.Tip提出的类层次切片技术其分析基础是Rossie-Friedman的类层次框架,但主要用于面向对象程序的优化,并不适用于回归测试.本文基于Rossie-Friedman的类层次框架提出类成员后向切片方法,并提出一个覆盖类的方法一级的回归测试策略.     

某型火炮制退机节制环磨损故障分析与处理

制退机的性能好坏直接关系到火炮作战效能的发挥。针对目前装备保障方式大多停留在维修层面而理论研究不够深入的实际,对节制环磨损故障的机理进行分析。以某型火炮短节制杆式制退复进机为对象,利用MATLAB数值计算平台,编程仿真节制环磨损故障对后坐的影响。同时探讨了故障后对火炮的处理方案。研究表明,节制环磨损对后坐诸元都将产生不同影响,针对影响的程度可制定相应的故障处理方案。仿真模拟和方案探讨对装备保障工作具有参考意义。     

Contents and Author Index,Volume 19, 2012

The U.S. Congress, charged with overseeing U.S. nuclear weapons policy and programs, usually addresses such policies and programs through the annual authorization and appropriations process, focusing mostly on questions of how many and what types of weapons the United States should deploy, with little attention paid to questions about nuclear weapons strategy, doctrine, and policy. The oversight process has brought about some significant changes in the plans for U.S. nuclear weapons, including the elimination of funding for the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator study and the shift of that funding into a study of the Reliable Replacement Warhead. But with the focus on authorizations and appropriations, along with the divided jurisdiction over nuclear weapons policy and programs in congressional committees, Congress has not, either recently or during the Cold War and post–Cold War eras, conducted a more comprehensive review of U.S. nuclear weapons strategy, policy, or force structure. Changes in committee jurisdictions could affect the oversight process, but as long as nuclear weapons policy and programs remain a relatively low priority for most members of Congress, and the country at large, it is unlikely that Congress will pursue such a comprehensive debate.     

Challenges of institutional coordination in complex defense acquisition programs: the case of the Republic of Korea’s F-X program

Decision-making in defense acquisition programs in the Republic of Korea (ROK) has been problematic, especially in highly advanced complex systems. The highly disputed force modernization program for the ROK Air Force’s fifth-generation fighter, dubbed the Fighter eXperiment, went through extreme turbulence during the type selection phase. The gist of the turbulence became evident through poor institutional coordination within the defense acquisition authorities that eventually forced them to rescind the decision generated from their own yearlong efforts, thus basically shooting themselves on the foot. The paper highlights the background of the program and reviews the institutional elements that influenced the decision-making process, and conclude that the absence of an effective coordination mechanism has made decision-making in complex defense programs even more troublesome.     

火灾时公路隧道排烟方案设计与优选

针对双车道单向行驶高速公路隧道火灾提出三种排烟方案.利用FDS软件数值模拟火灾时各方案对烟气迁移和温度分布的影响,最后优选火灾时的排烟方案.结果表明：三种方案均能起到很好的排烟效果.若不考虑成本及技术难度,组合排烟方式效果最佳;若考虑成本和技术难度,则设置排烟口排烟效果最佳.在实际隧道发生火灾时,应综合考虑决定选取哪一种方案.若选用组合排烟方式,笔者建议火灾时,火源上游仅开启射流风机,火源下游则应同时开启排烟口,这样既节约成本,又能达到目的.