高动态环境下GPS信号跟踪算法

在GPS导航定位系统中,高动态环境下产生的多普勒频移直接影响接收机跟踪性能.为了克服多普勒频移影响,对高速飞行旋转体GPS接收机跟踪环路进行研究.根据高速飞行旋转体GPS接收机载波信号的数学模型,提出在GPS接收机跟踪环路建立包含姿态信息的载波信号卡尔曼滤波模型,并对环路的跟踪性能进行MATLAB仿真.结果表明,此算法的跟踪环路带宽窄,能有效抑制噪声干扰,较好地实现了对旋转信号的跟踪.     

无人机卫星导航系统的电磁干扰态势评估方法

在战场复杂电磁环境下,卫星导航接收机很容易受到电磁干扰而出现不定位的现象,针对这一现象,提出了一种基于环境感知无人机卫星导航接收机的电磁干扰态势评估方法。以干扰信号的特征参数、导航接收机未受干扰时的接收状态作为预测的输入,以接收机跟踪环路失锁时的效应阈值作为观测目标值,建立了极端梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting, XGBoost)的预测模型。在此基础上,给出了导航接收机电磁干扰态势的等级,提出了导航接收机在单源和双源电磁干扰下的态势评估方法。通过与高斯过程回归和支持向量机回归的预测方法进行比较,结果表明XGBoost方法具有更好的预测精度。依据该预测方法,综合利用技战术方案,有利于提高无人机在复杂电磁环境中的适应能力。     

自旋载体中的超紧组合GNSS接收机跟踪环路设计

自旋载体是全球导航卫星系统接收机的一种典型应用。当全球导航卫星系统载体自旋时,旋转产生的高阶动态将导致传统跟踪环路失锁;全球导航卫星系统与惯性导航系统组合可以有效补偿信号的高阶动态。因此,提出了一种利用惯性导航信息辅助卫星导航信号跟踪的超紧组合导航接收机环路设计方法,并分析了惯性导航信息辅助速率、自旋载体转速和信号载波相位误差之间的关系。通过仿真验证了所提接收机环路结构可以有效解决自旋载体接收机的信号跟踪问题,且相比于卫星导航单系统三阶环路而言,所提超紧组合环路结构可以显著提升自旋载体接收机的定位精度。     

卫星导航抗干扰最优接收机与相关接收机性能分析

为减小抗干扰接收机硬件实现难度,深入研究单天线卫星导航抗干扰相关接收机的性能,并详细分析其频域响应、信干噪比损耗和相关输出函数。分析表明,抗干扰最优接收机与相关接收机信干噪比损耗随着干扰带宽和干扰强度的增加而增大,随干扰频率与中心频率偏差和噪声带宽的增加而减小。此外,干扰将引起抗干扰接收机匹配与相关输出主峰降低和旁瓣抬高,从而影响接收机捕获、跟踪和多径抑制性能。研究结果将为卫星导航抗干扰接收机的优化设计提供依据。     

利用实时小波降噪的抗电离层闪烁载波跟踪

电离层闪烁影响下的导航信号载波跟踪呈现非平稳、非线性和非高斯特性,这使得传统基于鉴别器和Kalman滤波的载波跟踪改进算法并不能有效减弱电离层闪烁的影响。提出了基于实时小波降噪的抗电离层闪烁载波跟踪算法,其能够更好地刻画闪烁信号的非平稳特性。通过对跟踪环路同相与正交支路的积分结果进行小波降噪,有效滤除了电离层闪烁引入的非高斯噪声,减弱了闪烁对环路鉴别器的不良影响,提高了跟踪环路的精度与稳健性。实验验证了相关分析和小波降噪跟踪算法的有效性。     

微波脉冲对导航接收机跟踪环路载噪比的影响

为了明确微波脉冲对导航接收机的最佳干扰参数,通过对微波脉冲干扰下导航接收机跟踪环路相关处理的理论分析,根据微波脉冲谱线、扩频码谱线以及相干积分时间三者之间的关系,提出一种微波脉冲干扰分类方法,推导了不同参数微波脉冲干扰下相关输出功率和载噪比,并进行了试验验证。理论分析与试验结果表明,当微波脉冲宽度大于等于扩频码周期且小于相干积分时间时,进入相干积分器带宽内的多条微波脉冲谱线干扰某一条扩频码谱线,该微波脉冲参数对导航接收机的干扰效果最佳,且优于连续波干扰;随着干扰谱线数量增多,跟踪环路相关输出功率值增加,载噪比减小,干扰效果增强。     

级联结构的阵列天线导航接收机抗干扰及多径抑制方法

阵列信号处理技术因其能够提供空域分辨能力已被广泛应用于卫星导航接收机领域以实现抗干扰和多径抑制。根据干扰和多径信号对导航接收机基带处理影响的不同提出了一种以数字相关器为界线划分的抗干扰与多径抑制两级处理结构:第一级处理在解扩前估计阵列接收数据的空时协方差矩阵,根据干扰信号功率远大于导航信号及噪声的特点利用子空间投影技术实现抗干扰;第二级处理在解扩后进行空间平滑解相干处理,利用基于Householder变换的广义旁瓣相消技术进行波束形成以实现多径抑制。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该级联处理技术能够有效地压制强干扰,并显著减小多径信号对导航接收机伪码测量的影响。     

等效载噪比评估全球导航卫星系统接收机误码率的适应性分析

等效载噪比是全球导航卫星系统接收机捕获、数据解调和跟踪性能的重要指标。近年来,研究人员取得大量以等效载噪比为指标的干扰影响分析研究成果,但鲜有等效载噪比适应性分析。为此,展开等效载噪比适应性研究。在推导单频干扰下接收机等效载噪比和误码率模型基础上,得出特定条件下等效载噪比评估数据解调性能失效的结论。同时,深入分析等效载噪比失效的机理,给出等效载噪比指标的适用条件。仿真实验验证了理论分析的正确性。     

GNSS欺骗干扰技术研究

欺骗干扰是目前卫星导航设备面临的重要威胁,在欺骗干扰条件下,目标接收机接收到的欺骗信号功率大于真实信号,产生错误的定位或授时结果。根据干扰产生方式的不同将欺骗干扰源分为基于信号模拟器的自主产生式、基于接收机的接收产生式、基于转发器的转发式3类,其中基于接收机的产生式是目前真正实现欺骗攻击的干扰源。由于欺骗干扰实现形式的复杂多样性,对欺骗干扰的实施阶段、信号特性的影响和定位授时结果的影响进行了分析。     

卫星/MIMU嵌入式导航接收机抗干扰性能分析

为了提高武器在恶劣敌对环境中的生存能力,高抗干扰的嵌入式导航技术越来越受到研究者的关注。在分析卫星/MIMU嵌入式组合导航接收机系统原理的基础上,详细分析了采用MIMU信息辅助卫星接收机跟踪环路,提高多普勒频率估算精度,达到提高系统动态性能和抗干扰性能的要求。然后进一步分析了卫星/MIMU嵌入式组合导航接收机系统抗干扰能力,并以GPS接收机为例,对GPS/MIMU嵌入式导航接收机抗干扰性能进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,卫星/MIMU嵌入式组合导航接收机比一般的卫星接收机跟踪抗干扰性能至少有11dB的提高。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.