从核安全文化视角看切尔诺贝利核事故

<正>切尔诺贝利核事故发生迄今已30年。近年来,随着事故相关资料的不断公开,事故深层次原因也逐渐明晰,其中便有核安全文化的缺失。自上世纪50年代以来,苏联核电发展逐渐进入快车道,而核安全文化建设却相对滞后,无论是在核安全意识形态层面,还是在核安全监管体制、法律制度、应急能力建设等实践层面都存在不足。缺乏理性的核安全价值观。自1954年6月27日苏联投运世界上第一座核电站以来,其在大力发展本     

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正展望未来,加强国际核安全体系,是核能事业健康发展的基本前提,更是推进全球安全治理、构建新型国际关系、完善世界秩序的重要环节。核安全峰会虽然将落下帷幕,但我们的新征程才刚刚开始。——国家主席习近平国家原子能机构主任许达哲中国正不断融入国际核安全体系,通过加强自身核安全能力建设,与美国合作建设核安保示范中心,开展加纳高浓铀微堆低浓化项目合作,帮助周边国家提升核安全水平,为提升全球核安全水平做出了积极贡献。     

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第一,坚持科学理性的核安全理念,增强核能发展信心。第二,强化核安全能力建设,承担核安全国家责任。第三,深化国际交流合作,提升全球核安全水平。第四,标本兼顾、综合治理,消除核扩散及核恐怖主义根源。     

强化大国责任担当 打造核安全命运共同体

正国家主席习近平在第四届核安全峰会上,围绕构建公平、合作、共赢的国际核安全体系,发表了重要讲话,全面阐述了我国的政策主张,介绍了我国在核安全领域取得的新进展,宣布了我国加强本国核安全并积极推进国际合作的各项举措,强调要强化大国责任,努力打造核安全命运共同体。安全利用核能是有核国家的必然选择,由此带来核安全这一全球性课题。核恐怖主义是全人类的公敌,面对影响超越国界的核安全事件,没有任何一个国家能够     

国事要闻

国务院批复核安全"十二五"规划>>国务院近日批复了《核安全与放射性污染防治"十二五"规划及2020年远景目标》。《规划》以确保核安全、环境安全、公众健康为目标,统筹规划了9项重点任务、5项重点工程、8项保障措施,力争至"十二五"末我国核能与核技术利用安全水平进一步提高,辐射环境安全风险明显降低。《规划》还确定了2020年核安全远景目标。我国明确"十二五"节能减排5大重点工程>>2012年10月12日,国务院发布《节能减排"十二五"规划》,确定了以城镇污水处理设施及配套管网建设、现有设施升级改造、污泥处理处置设施建设为重点,提升脱氮除磷能力;     

守护核工业的生命线--2012年军工核安全工作会在京召开

2,928日．恰是初春的时节。对核军工人而言．却有双重暖意在心头。这一天．2012年军工核安全工作会议在北京隆重召开。这次工作会是在上一次军工核安全工作会后两年召开的,会议总结与回顾了2010年以来的军工核安全工作,研究部署了2012年的重点任务,讨论审议了《军工核安全“十二五”规划》,研讨交流了军工核安全工作经验,团结凝聚了军工核行业,为确保军工核安全、促进军工核行业又好又快安全发展提供了坚强有力的保障,也让整个军工核行业对“核安全是核工业的生命线”有了更为深刻的理解。     

核电标准对核安全法规支撑问题的研究

在我国核电建设中,现行的核电标准从整体看,发挥了一定的作用,但也存在需亟待解决的诸多问题,其中比较突出的问题之一就是核电标准体系与核安全法规体系脱节,没有形成一个相互依存、协调配套的有机结合的体系,在很大程度上影响了核电标准和核安全法规整体功能和作用更好的发挥。本文通过对核电核安全保障和标准化实践及其重要经验的调研以及对于存在的主要问题进行了分析和讨论,提出了一些有益的启示或可供参考、借鉴的经验,以及解决问题的方法、途径和措施等。     

从海牙核安全峰会看世界核安全态势

中国在核安全问题上发挥着举足轻重的作用,未来中国可以通过向其他国家传授涉及核安全的技术和经验,在推动构建国际核安全机制等方面进一步发挥作用 本次峰会通过的《海牙公报》就如何维护全球核安全达成了一系列新的共识,主要包括：一是减少可能被恐怖分子用于制造核武器的危险核材料的数量,     

命运共同体视角下的核安全公众沟通机制研究

核安全公众沟通是社会安全管理的重要部分,也是我国核安全发展中的重要环节。我国核安全公众沟通的现状存在片面性、方法陈旧等问题。构建“命运共同体下的核安全公众沟通机制”,从促进各参与主体之间双向多维沟通、创新公众沟通渠道以及完善核安全公众沟通保障体系三个方面着手,可以实现政府、企业与公众在核安全的公众沟通中的共建共治共享,促进核安全公众沟通健康持续的发展。     

切实落实核安全观 确保实现持久核安全

<正>在荷兰海牙召开的第三届核安全峰会上,国家主席习近平阐述了我国关于发展和安全并重、权利和义务并重、自主和协作并重、治标和治本并重的核安全观,强调我国将坚定不移增强自身核安全能力,坚定不移参与构建公平、合作、共赢的国际核安全体系,坚定不移支持国际原子能机构主导的核安全国际合作,坚定不移维护地区和世界和平稳定。     

Interpreting the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Interpreting the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, by Daniel H. Joyner. Oxford University Press, 2011. 192 pages, $100.     

The Canary in the Nuclear Submarine: Assessing the Nonproliferation Risk of the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Loophole

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The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) allows states to exempt nuclear material from international safeguards for use in nuclear submarine programs. This material, however, could be diverted for nuclear weapons purposes without the knowledge of inspectors, creating a potentially dangerous loophole in the treaty. This article argues that exercising that loophole today would amount to admitting a nuclear weapon program, making it a particularly poor pathway to a weapon for a potential proliferant. Still, if states like Brazil ultimately exempt nuclear material from safeguards for a nuclear submarine effort, they could set a dangerous precedent that makes it easier for others to use the loophole as a route to a nuclear weapon capability. There are several policy options available to mitigate the damage of such a precedent; most promising is the prospect of a voluntary safeguards arrangement that would allow international inspectors to keep an eye on nuclear material even after it has been dedicated to a naval nuclear propulsion program.     

印度核能力发展

文章从印度核生产技术稳固发展,核材料渠道不断拓展,核威慑战略理论逐渐清晰,战略核力量指挥机构日臻完善,核打击力量体系不断发展,核打击能力日益提高,几个角度分析了印度核能力的发展.     

Nuclear Weapons and the Vietnam War

This article analyzes why US leaders did not use nuclear weapons during the Vietnam War. To date, there has been no systematic study of US decision-making on nuclear weapons during this war. This article offers an initial analysis, focusing on the Johnson and Nixon administrations. Although US leaders did not come close to using nuclear weapons in the conflict, nuclear options received more attention than has previously been appreciated. Johnson's advisers raised the issue of nuclear weapons and threats on several occasions, and Henry Kissinger, Nixon's national security adviser, looked into nuclear options to bring the war to an end. Ultimately, however, both administrations privately rejected such options. The conventional explanation for the non-use of nuclear weapons during the Cold War – deterrence – is insufficient to explain the Vietnam case. This article analyzes the role of military, political and normative considerations in restraining US use of nuclear weapons in the Vietnam War. It argues that while military and political considerations, including escalation concerns, are part of the explanation, a taboo against the use of nuclear weapons played a critical role.     

Effects of Nuclear Technology Export Competition on Nuclear Nonproliferation

ABSTRACT

While nuclear suppliers compete in markets, they simultaneously partner in other fields. This produces a delicate relationship between civilian nuclear programs and nuclear weapon proliferation. This study explores how export competition affects suppliers’ conditions of supply related to nuclear nonproliferation. We investigated three export cases (India, North Korea, and South Korea) and identified four effects that competition has on the conditions of supply related to nonproliferation. First, under highly competitive conditions, suppliers might hesitate to enforce the conditions of supply to avoid negotiation conflicts with recipients. Second, suppliers focus on politically and economically attractive recipients while mostly ignoring unattractive ones, perhaps allowing proliferation problems to fester out of view in marginal states. Third, suppliers can build consensus on the conditions of supply to avoid being the only party experiencing negotiation conflicts. Fourth, suppliers can constrain others from relaxing the conditions of supply to maintain economic benefits and nonproliferation norms. The first two effects accelerate proliferation while the last two promote nonproliferation. Although the extent of these effects can vary with changes in nonproliferation norms, they can contribute to our understanding of the relationship between nonproliferation and civilian nuclear programs.