五阶HWCNS格式在低速复杂流场中的应用

采用五阶精度显式HWCNS格式求解雷诺平均NS方程，利用多块对接结构网格技术，对30P-30N多段翼型进行网格收敛性研究，在不考虑转捩的情况下采用SA一方程湍流模型研究HWCNS格式与二阶精度MUSCL格式对该翼型压力分布和典型站位速度型的影响，并与实验结果进行对比分析。采用HWCNS格式和SA一方程湍流模型模拟梯形翼高升力构型低速复杂流场，通过对总体气动特性和压力分布的分析，探讨五阶精度显式HWCNS格式在低速复杂外形流动中的应用能力。     

突风扰动下的扑翼气动功耗和效率变化

针对突风对扑翼飞行器气动性能的影响,开展了前向、侧向和竖直方向突风中扑翼的气动功耗和效率变化研究。首先基于简化的生物翅几何和运动模型,构建了不同方向、强度的突风模型。之后采用计算流体力学方法获得了突风方向及强度对扑翼气动力、功耗及效率的影响。最终结果表明,在所研究的突风强度范围内,前向突风引起的扑翼瞬时气动功耗增幅可达33%,但突风对扑翼平均气动功耗和效率的影响不大;从翼根到翼尖的侧向突风相比反方向的侧向突风所引起的气动功耗增加和气动效率降低更加明显;向下的突风尽管能够降低扑翼的气动功耗,但也同时降低了扑翼的气动效率。此外,突风对扑翼平均气动功耗的影响可以用与突风方向相同、大小等于突风平均速度的定常来流进行模拟,它们对扑翼平均气动功耗的影响是相近的。     

基于直接力控制的无人机抗侧风着陆研究

摘 要：分析了无人机采用大展弦比、短机身、小垂尾的气动布局对着陆和操纵性的影响。建立了侧风存在时的无人机横向着陆模型;依据主动控制思想,提出了前垂直鸭翼和方向舵组合的直接力控制无人机抗侧风着陆的方案,并通过仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

高超声速巡航飞行器纵向气动特性分析

吸气式高超声速巡航飞行器机身/发动机一体化特性使得气动一推进系统之间存在强的耦合作用,这种耦合影响着飞行器气动性能、稳定性和控制.针对耦合对飞行器特性的影响,建立了机身一发动机一体化模型,并进行了气动-推进界面划分.在此基础上,分别计算了高超声速巡航飞行器在进气道打开,发动机不工作以及进气道打开,发动机工作两种状态下的纵向气动特性.仿真结果揭示了高超声速巡航飞行器气动一推进系统之间的耦合以及耦合作用对飞行器气动性能、稳定性的影响.     

滑翔增程炮弹的气动布局与外形参数优化设计分析

为提高滑翔增程炮弹的滑翔距离,要对滑翔增程炮弹的气动布局和外形参数进行优化设计.研究了滑翔增程炮弹的总体气动布局方案,以全弹的升阻比为优化目标函数,建立了滑翔增程炮弹的气动外形参数优化设计方法.仿真结果表明,采用该方法确定的气动外形参数,有利于滑翔增程炮弹稳定性适当,操纵性良好,稳定性与操纵性、舵偏角与平衡攻角匹配较好.研究结果为滑翔增程炮弹的气动布局和外形参数设计提供了理论依据.     

Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型在高超声速气动加热计算中的应用

将AUSM+格式与LU SGS隐式迭代相结合,采用一方程的Spalart Allmaras湍流模型和二阶迎风MUSCL格式,研究了火星"探路者号"实验模型在10马赫来流条件下的气动热问题。采用量热完全和热完全两种气体模型的计算结果与实验数据进行了比较。热完全气体模型模拟的热流分布规律与实验吻合较好,但是对分离区的热流估计过高。在网格合理划分,尤其是满足近壁面的网格分辨率要求的前提下,该方法能够合理反映高超声速流场除分离区以外的气动热特性。     

不同磁浮列车外形的气动性能比较

上海磁浮列车由于流线型车头较短,气动性能并不理想,根据国内厂家给定的列车横断面尺寸和对气动性能的要求,对国产磁浮列车气动外形进行多方案设计,通过求解三维可压N-S方程和k-ε双方程湍流模型,对提出的磁浮列车各种外形方案的气动性能进行数值模拟计算,并根据计算结果进一步改进气动外形,如此反复,直至得出气动性能和外观最优的磁浮列车外形。在最终选定的三种设计方案中,方案3由于水平投影轮廓线较窄、最大纵剖面轮廓线曲率较小,其整车空气阻力和列车交会压力波都较其它两种方案要小,因此为最佳的气动外形方案。通过比较分析,此次选用的国产磁浮列车外形,列车以430km/h运行时三节车总的空气阻力为33.84kN,而上海磁浮列车为54.07kN;国产磁浮列车最大列车交会压力波幅值为2913Pa,而在同等条件下上海磁浮列车为3827Pa,其气动性能明显优于上海磁浮列车。     

五阶HWCNS在低速复杂流场中的应用

采用五阶精度显式混合加权紧致非线性格式求解雷诺平均NS方程;利用多块对接结构网格技术,对30P-30N多段翼型进行网格收敛性研究。在不考虑转捩的情况下,采用SA一方程湍流模型研究混合加权紧致非线性格式与二阶精度MUSCL格式对该翼型压力分布和典型站位速度型的影响,并与实验结果进行对比分析。采用混合加权紧致非线性格式和SA一方程湍流模型模拟梯形翼高升力构型低速复杂流场,通过对总体气动特性和压力分布的分析,探讨五阶精度显式混合加权紧致非线性格式在低速复杂外形流动中的应用能力。结果表明,对30P-30N三段翼型,采用全湍流模拟方法可以得到较好的压力分布;对梯形翼高升力构型,在附着流和边界层小分离情况下混合加权紧致非线性格式有较好的模拟能力。     

喷水推进新型对称双螺杆泵转子型线设计

为了解决喷水推进系统噪音高、体积大、压头小、工艺复杂、效率低等问题,在分析了目前常用双螺杆泵转子型线的基础上,利用齿轮啮合原理,设计制造出一种对称的四齿双螺杆转子型线.该型线由长幅外接线、短幅外摆线、渐开线和圆弧组成,呈对称分布.圆弧主要起削平摆线和渐开线之间过渡尖点的作用,能有效地提高转子的强度、耐磨性和密封性.对称...     

液晶聚硅氧烷/硅油稀流体电流变效应的研究

利用Williamson醚合成方法制备了烯丙氧(对乙氧基)联苯,并以其为单体采用催化加聚合成了侧链型联苯聚硅氧烷,并对其结构进行了表征,证实该物质具有液晶性.研究了液晶聚硅氧烷/硅油稀流体的电流变效应,研究发现:该流体具有液晶型电流变液剪切变稀的现象;由剪切应力与剪切速率的关系可以看出,在2kV/mm电场作用下随着剪切速率的增大,产生的剪切应力越大;随着侧链液晶聚硅氧烷/硅油流体重量比的增大,在2kV/mm电场的作用下该流体的剪切应力也增大.     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.