Optimal capacity expansion

We consider the problem of temporal expansion of the capacity of, say, a plant or road given estimates of its desired usage (demand). The basic problem is: given a sequence of predicted demands for N time periods, determine the optimal investment decision in each period to minimize a linear investment cost and a strictly convex cost of capacity. The relationship between capacity and the investment decisions is assumed to be linear, but time varying. Constraints on both the individual decisions and on the sum of the decisions are considered. An algorithm for solving this problem is derived.     

Trade credit contract in the presence of retailer investment opportunity

This paper presents a model for designing a trade credit contract between a supplier and a retailer that would coordinate a supply chain in the presence of investment opportunity for the retailer. Specifically, we study a newsvendor model where the supplier offers a trade credit contract to the retailer who, by delaying the payment, can invest the accounts payable amount and earn returns. We find that when the channel partners have symmetric information about the retailer's investment return, a conditionally concessional trade credit (CTC) contract, which includes a wholesale price, an interest‐free period, and a minimum order requirement, can achieve channel coordination. We then extend the model to the information asymmetry setting in which the retailer's investment return is unobservable by the supplier. We show that, although the CTC contract cannot achieve the coordination in this setting, it can effectively improve channel efficiency as well as profitability for individual partners.     

Lateral capacity exchange and its impact on capacity investment decisions

We study the problem of capacity exchange between two firms in anticipation of the mismatch between demand and capacity, and its impact on firm's capacity investment decisions. For given capacity investment levels of the two firms, we demonstrate how capacity price may be determined and how much capacity should be exchanged when either manufacturer acts as a Stackelberg leader in the capacity exchange game. By benchmarking against the centralized system, we show that a side payment may be used to coordinate the capacity exchange decisions. We then study the firms' capacity investment decisions using a biform game framework in which capacity investment decisions are made individually and exchange decisions are made as in a centralized system. We demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium capacity investment levels and study the impact of firms' share of the capacity exchange surplus on their capacity investment levels.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007     

15000m~3钢板贴壁油罐建设静态投资分析

以部队某保障基地油库军用柴油扩容工程采用钢板贴壁工艺新建的1座15 000 m3地下水封油池为例,从技术经济学角度对钢板贴壁油罐作了静态投资分析。该钢板贴壁油罐静态总投资1 756.95万元,其中占总投资比例最高者为地下工程建设,达到53.76%,库容投资1 171.30元/m3。结果表明:钢板贴壁油罐较地下水封石洞油罐整体经济效益明显;投资定额可供编制预算参考。     

提高公安科技创新经费投入效应的对策分析

当前，公安科技创新经费投入存在着一些问题，从投入机制、投入结构和投入管理方式等方面提高经费投入效应，对于满足社会安全需求，实现公安科技创新体系高效运行具有现实的指导意义。     

武器装备研制费投资效益分析与评价

运用数据包络分析方法对武器装备研制费投资的军事经济效益进行了分析评价,为武器装备研制的投资决策提供了分析依据.     

兵团职工家庭教育投资行为影响因素分析——基于兵团农六师459份问卷调查

家庭教育投资行为决定着孩子的未来,文章通过459份问卷调查,从影响家庭投资行为的经济收入、教育投入、教育观念、教育方式、家长受教育年限、家庭子女受教育距离、子女的数量等因素进行统计分析,结果表明:家长受教育年限越长,家庭教育投资行为呈显著正相关,家庭中子女数量对家庭教育投资呈负影响。     

基于效能分析的工程建设投资分配模型研究

分析了基数滚动切块和层次分析-目标规划(AnalyticHierarchyProcessandGoalProgramming)投资分配模型的利弊,探讨了工程建设投资效能的估计方法,研究建立了基于效能分析的投资分配优化模型.该模型经实际算例分析证明,模型的思路清晰,便于理解和操作,具有较好的实用性.     

新疆固定资产投资环境与趋势分析

截止目前，新疆固定资产投资运行情况比较平稳，与全国相比，投资增速处于中等水平。全社会固定资产投资预计完成1595亿元，增长18％。建成和开工建设了一大批重大基础设施和重点基础产业项目，投资结构进一步改善，农业、水利、交通、能源、生态建设、社会事业等薄弱环节投资力度明显加大，生态环境保护建设取得明显成效。     

消防投入非效率现象的经济学分析

首次提出消防投入非效率的观点,通过典型火灾案例的分析,归纳总结消防投入非效率现象的主要表现形式,运用经济学原理分析消防投入非效率现象存在的原因,对当前消防安全领域投入非效率现象进行理论探讨,并提出消除消防投入非效率现象的对策建议,以期破解消防工作中普遍存在的消防投入的经济“瓶颈”问题,指导政府、企业、个人和其他组织作出更加理性的消防投入决策,加快构建和谐社会消防工作新格局的建设进程。     

An economic model for planning strategic mobility posture

This paper describes a linear programming model used to perform cost-effectiveness analysis to determine the requirements for military strategic mobility resources. Expenditures for three classes of economic alternatives are considered: purchase of transportation resources; prepositioning of material; and augmentation of port facilities. The mix of economic alternatives that maximizes the effectiveness of the resultant transportation system is determined for a given investment level. By repeating the analysis for several levels of investment, a cost-effectiveness tradeoff curve can be developed.     

Capacity allocation with machine duplication in semiconductor manufacturing

The manufacturing process for a computer chip is complex in that it involves a large number of distinct operations requiring a substantial lead‐time for completion. Our observations of such a manufacturing process at a large plant in the United States led us to identify several tactical and operational problems that were being addressed by the production planners on a recurring basis. This paper focuses on one such problem. At a tactical level, given a demand forecast of wafers to be manufactured, one specific problem deals with specifying which machine or machine groups will process different batches of wafers. We address this problem by recognizing the capacity limitations of the individual machines as well as the requirement for reducing operating and investment costs related to the machines. A mathematical model, which is a variation of the well‐known capacitated facility location problem, is proposed to solve this problem. Given the intractability of the model, we first develop problem specific lower bounding procedures based on Lagrangean relaxation. We also propose a heuristic method to obtain “good” solutions with reasonable computational effort. Computational tests, using hypothetical and industry‐based data, indicate that our heuristic approach provides optimal/near optimal solutions fairly quickly. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005     

Supplier certification and quality investment in supply chains

Global sourcing has made quality management a more challenging task, and supplier certification has emerged as a solution to overcome suppliers' informational advantage about their product quality. This article analyzes the impact of certification standards on the supplier's investment in quality, when a buyer outsources the production process. Based on our results, deterministic certification may lead to under‐investment in quality improvement technology for efficient suppliers, thereby leading to potential supply chain inefficiency. The introduction of noisy certification may alleviate this under‐investment problem, when the cost of information asymmetry is high. While allowing noisy certification always empowers the buyer to offer a menu to screen among heterogeneous suppliers, the buyer may optimally choose only a limited number of certification standards. Our analysis provides a clear‐cut prediction of the types of certifiers the buyer should use for heterogeneous suppliers, and we identify the conditions under which the supplier benefits from noisy certification. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013     

Collaboration in contingent capacities with information asymmetry

We study the optimal contracting problem between two firms collaborating on capacity investment with information asymmetry. Without a contract, system efficiency is lost due to the profit‐margin differentials among the firms, demand uncertainty, and information asymmetry. With information asymmetry, we demonstrate that the optimal capacity level is characterized by a newsvendor formula with an upward‐adjusted capacity investment cost, and no first‐best solution can be achieved. Our analysis shows that system efficiency can always be improved by the optimal contract and the improvement in system efficience is due to two factors. While the optimal contract may bring the system's capacity level closer to the first‐best capacity level, it prevents the higher‐margin firm from overinvesting and aligns the capacity‐investment decisions of the two firms. Our analysis of a special case demonstrates that, under some circumstances, both firms can benefit from the principal having better information about the agent's costs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 54:, 2007     

土壤源-湖水源热泵系统及工程应用实例

由于土壤源、湖水源热泵的应用受到地理条件、初投资等因素的制约,某些地区更适宜采用土壤源-湖水源的混合式热泵系统。以某工程应用为例,分别从性能系数、初投资及运行费用3个方面分析证明了采用混合式热泵系统的可行性。结果表明,混合式热泵系统的初投资虽然较大,但通过节约运行费用,在较短年限内可收回增加的成本,并且可以减少废水废气的排放。因此,在合适的地区可以推广使用土壤源-湖水源的混合式热泵系统。     

Capitalism & the “new wars”: free markets and societal insecurity before and after the cold war, 1970–2013

Critics of globalisation suggest that growing free-market conditions generate anomie, leading ultimately to what some term ‘new wars’ and new insecurities. Others argue that liberal economies dissuade violence since people gain from peace. This study argues for a micro perspective that views predatory economic policies driving higher investment in rebellion-specific capital, such as shadow economic activity that easily translates into insurgency in weak-state settings. Investment in the shadows determines survivability against superior state forces, and survivability determines rebellion, by definition. Using civil war onset data from 1970 to 2013, as well as the Global Peace Index (GPI) and several of its individual components, which capture societal insecurity above and beyond the absence of armed violence, this study finds that countries that are more capitalistic have a lower risk of civil war and societal insecurity. The results are robust to alternative models, testing methods, and uphold when examining several relevant subcomponents of the index, such as internal conflict, violent crime, homicides, ease of access to small arms, and political instability. Surprisingly, democracy tends not to be associated with peace but associates with increased criminality whereas strong autocracy reduces it, suggesting that capitalism, more than democracy, associates with conditions favourable to societal security, independently of a country’s level of development.     

Defence and firm performance in the UK

The UK Ministry of Defence is British industry's largest single customer and a number of firms and industries are highly dependent on defence sales. Various hypotheses have been proposed about the impact of defence procurement on firms and these are investigated using four performance indicators: financial structure, investment, productivity and profitability. With regard to the borrowing ratio, capital investment and the rate of return, there is no statistically significant difference between the mean financial ratios for low and high dependence firms. However, non‐dependents appear to have a higher level and rate of growth of labour productivity than dependents.     

加油站移动式油气回收工艺及装置应用研究

加油站收油作业中存在大量油气损耗,不但造成资源浪费,而且带来了严重的安全隐患.在综合多种加油站油气回收技术的基础上,提出了加油站移动式油气回收装置及工艺技术方案.它不仅提高了油气回收效率,具有经济实用,操作简便等特点,而且实现了一套装置多个加油站的灵活共用.它还改善了现有的固定吸附式油气回收装置所存在的占地面积大,投资...     

The impact of defense and non‐defense public spending on growth in Asia and Latin America∗

For a three‐sector Feder‐Ram framework, we present time‐series, cross‐sectional estimates for two cohorts, consisting of Asian and Latin American countries. The estimates indicate that private investment, and defense and non‐defense public spending are growth promoting for alternative error components representations. For the best error components representation, greater growth enhancement is associated with the two forms of public spending in Asia than in Latin America, while the opposite comparison characterizes private investment. Although defense is growth promoting, an opportunity cost exists insofar as non‐defense spending, financed by defense spending, appears to give a small net boost to growth in Latin America.     

浅谈我国中小企业风险投资发展

随着国民经济的战略性调整,我国的中小企业将越来越多,越来越活,这给中小企业的发展带来了机遇,也带来了竞争。我国经贸委对中小企业的现状进行了调查,发现中小企业目前面临的主要困难是融资困难,资金短缺经济成为制约中小企业方发展的主要因素。如何改变这一“瓶颈”是我国当前需要解决的一道难题。本论文从风险投资角度进行研究,结合我国目前中小企业的发展状况为研究依据,分析了我国目前中小企业发展风险投资的问题和不足,提出了一系列的对策建议。