当代军语快译通（11）

Aantirecoverydevice——()Innavalminewarfare,allydeviceinaminedesignedtoPreventanenemydis-coveringdetailsoftheworkingoftheminemechanism.防回收设备在海军所进行的水雷战中,水雷上的一种装置,用来防止敌人发现这种水雷详细的工作原理。antisubmarineaction——Anoperationbyoneormoreantisubmarine——capableships,submarines,oraircraft(oracombinationthereof)againstaParticularenemysubmarine.一种或多种反潜力量所实施的军事行动,由舰船,潜艇,或作战飞机或其组合打击特定敌人的潜艇。反潜行动antisubmarineairdistantsup-p…     

潜艇的冤家——水雷

水雷这种古老的兵器是世界各国海军用于反潜的重要手段之一。水雷布设于水中,或坐沉海底,或系流于水中,或在水中一定深度上随流漂行,等到潜艇接触或进入水雷的敏感范围时,水雷自动爆炸,爆炸瞬间产生大量高温高压气体,形成强大的冲击波,作用于潜艇壳体,将其击毁。随着新科技的发展与应用,过去只具有被动防御功能的水雷也形成了一定的主动打击能力,在现代反潜作战运用中效用更高,日益得到各国海军的重视。     

神秘的“水下卫士” ——反潜水雷的发展

水雷作为一种现代海战武器,最早被当作对付水面舰艇的武器。在第一次世界大战中开始用它进行反潜时就炸沉潜艇54艘;而在第二次世界大战中它的反潜力作用更加突出,仅德国潜艇就有27艘被水雷击沉;海湾战争中,伊拉克海军布设的1000多枚水雷,不仅重创了美国     

神秘的“水下卫士”——反潜水雷的新发展

水雷作为一种现代海战武器,最早被当作对付水面舰艇的武器。在第一次世界大战中开始用它进行反潜时就炸沉潜艇54艘;而在第二次世界大战中它的反潜力作用更加突出,仅德国潜艇就有27艘被水雷击沉;海湾战争中,伊拉克海军布设的1000多枚水雷,不仅重创了美国的3艘作战舰只,而且对多国部队造成了严重的心理威胁,限制了其海上兵力行动。     

基于角反射器的诱扫主动攻击水雷方法

针对现有对抗主动攻击水雷方法的不足，根据主动攻击水雷工作特点，提出了利用串联角反射器模拟潜艇声反射，结合声扫雷具模拟潜艇声辐射，联合诱骗主动攻击水雷的方法。建立了模拟潜艇声反射强度计算模型，给出了从声反射强度及尺度特征方面模拟潜艇特征的方法，并进行了初步验证。为便于使用及提高对抗效率，对角反射器的类型、边长及构造进行了深度优化，显著提高了对抗主动攻击水雷时的效率，证明了该方法的有效性。     

潜艇的四大克星——高技术在反潜武器上的应用及发展趋势

反潜战如果仅从战术的角度来考虑,其过程就是探测、识别、定位、攻击,即最终要落实到对潜艇的攻击上。要攻击就要有武器。由于潜艇是在水下这一特殊的环境中活动,使得并非所有的武器都可以用来攻击潜艇。目前能够用来攻击水下潜艇的武器主要有4种,即深水炸弹、反潜鱼雷、反潜导弹和反潜水雷。     

直升机单机等距螺旋应召搜潜效能模型与仿真

等距螺旋法是直升机应召反潜中常用的搜潜样式。潜艇位置误差及航速误差对螺旋搜潜概率及搜潜战术运用具有显著影响。依据研究问题的逻辑关系,分别建立了潜艇速度散布模型和等距螺旋搜潜效能模型,运用蒙特卡罗法对直升机应召螺旋搜潜效能进行分析评估。实例验证了模型的可信度,提出了存在潜艇速度误差条件下,延迟时间和预估航速的改变对于搜潜效能的影响。     

舰载反潜直升机吊放声纳区域反潜策略建模

为提高舰载反潜直升机吊放声纳区域反潜搜索作战效能,对舰载反潜直升机吊放声纳区域反潜搜索策略问题进行了建模。根据潜艇目标位置信息的不确定性,研究了潜艇目标位置信息的概率分布函数,采用Markov状态转移概率矩阵描述了潜艇目标位置信息变化的方法。其次,给出了基于贝叶斯理论的潜艇目标信息概率分布函数更新公式。再次,推导了舰载反潜直升机吊放声纳区域反潜最优策略,给出了舰载直升机吊放声纳区域反潜搜索算法。最后给出了典型案例,验证了反潜搜索策略的有效性。研究成果可为舰载反潜直升机吊放声纳区域反潜提供决策依据。     

基于对策论的舰载反潜机反潜作战兵力部署研究

为提高舰载反潜机反潜作战兵力部署的科学性,提升舰载反潜机反潜作战规划的能力,提出了一种基于对策论的舰载反潜机反潜作战兵力部署方法。首先推导了反潜机搜索条件下的潜艇生存概率模型,在此基础上,考虑潜艇打击能力、进攻目标价值等因素,构建了舰载反潜机反潜作战兵力部署maxminmax模型,给出了舰载反潜机反潜作战兵力部署maxminmax模型的求解算法,最后应用典型案例验证了模型的可行性和有效性。研究成果可为舰载反潜机反潜作战提供量化参考和实践依据。     

潜艇伴随护航最佳配置距离及其应用

舰艇编队航渡过程中面临敌潜艇威胁严重,潜艇伴随护航是最常用的反潜警戒方式。通过建立敌潜艇威胁方位、配置潜艇警戒方位以及警戒效能模型并进行仿真计算,发现潜艇伴随护航存在最佳配置距离,且最佳配置距离可用于确定直接伴随护航配置距离、跳跃式伴随护航活动范围,以及不同性能潜艇之间的错位配置距离等,具有较为重要的实际意义。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.