学前教育发展水平及影响因素分析研究---基于新疆教育质量视角

本研究运用新疆2006-2014年的省级数据,基于新疆教育质量视角建构了新疆学前教育质量发展的评价指标体系,描述了新疆学前教育发展水平状况,分析了影响新疆学前教育质量发展的主要因素.研究发现九年间新疆学前教育发展水平极为不稳定,影响新疆学前教育质量发展的主要因素有人均国内生产总值(GDP)、城乡居民消费支出和少数民族人口占比.据此,本研究认为应进一步加大新疆学前教育的投入力度,同时引导和培育文化市场以提升新疆学前教育质量发展;提高少数民族人口的文化素质以提升新疆学前教育质量发展.     

推动城镇化与农业现代化相互协调

改革开放30多年来,我国农业、农村快速发展,但总体上与城市相比仍存在较大差距。目前,我国农业现代化仍然滞后于工业化、城镇化,突出表现是农业基础仍然薄弱,城乡居民收入差距仍然较大,"三农"短板现象仍然明显。农业现代化仍然是"四化"同步发展的重点和难点。我国人口多,特别是农村人口多;耕地少,特别是基本农田少;经济社会发展不平衡,特别是城乡发展不平衡。要科学     

我国收入分配差距的表现与解决路径

中国共产党历来十分重视民生建设,致力于提供民众收入,缩小收入差距。近年来,我国居民收入水平不断提升,人民群众幸福感、安全感、获得感不断提高。但是收入分配差距问题仍然制约着我国经济社会的健康发展,我国收入分配差距主要表现在城乡收入差距、行业收入差距与群体收入差距。缩小我国收入分配差距,要坚持和发展以马克思劳动价值论为基础的收入分配理论,增加低收入者收入,扩大中等收入群体,规范收入分配秩序,规范财富积累机制。     

对我国现阶段贫富差距的认识及对策

概括了我国现阶段的收入差距问题 ,指出了存在收入差距的原因及对收入差距问题的认识 ,并提出了解决收入差距问题的相应对策。     

邓小平晚年的担忧与当前社会收入分配差距

邓小平晚年特别关注收入分配问题的重要性和急迫性。他曾颇有预见地提出,中国发展到一定程度后,一定要考虑到分配问题。情况果然如他所料。目前,我国收入分配差距已从多个方面、不同角度体现出来。在认识当前我国收入分配差距问题时,需要注意以下几个方面:目前我国的收入差距扩大并不等于“两极分化”;合理且适度的收入差距有积极作用;必须清醒地认识当前收入分配差距扩大的危害;党和政府一直十分重视收入差距的调节问题,收入差距过大的趋势得到初步遏制。     

军人收入分配“平均化”现象透视

军人收入分配“平均化”现象是目前人们关注的热点问题之一,文章采用了详实的数据资料, 用经济学、系统论和管理学的有关理论对“平均化”的现状、成因和现实影响进行了分析,并结合我军实际,提出了打破军人收入“平均化”、适度拉开收入差距的政策建议。     

新疆南北疆高等教育发展非均衡的比较分析

新疆的高等教育自改革开放以来取得了巨大的成就,但目前新疆南北疆高等教育在数量、规模与发展速度、办学条件、综合实力及师资等方面存在明显差距。本文以新疆南北疆普通高等院校为实例,比较分析南北疆高等院校发展非均衡的现状,并提出加快南疆高等教育发展的建议,以期逐步缩小南北疆高等教育发展的差距,促进区域高等教育协调、均衡发展。     

农村公共产品供给与农民增收的关联研究

目前我国城乡差距突出表现为公共产品差距,公共产品有效供给不足已成为当前制约农民增收的瓶颈。无论从理论分析还是从国内外实践看,公共产品的有效供给与农民的增收呈现正相关关系。因此,提高公共产品的有效供给是促进农民增收的有效途径,针对公共产品供给实践中存在的影响农民增收的问题而采取相应的对策是当前促进农民增收的理性选择。     

教育视角下的收入分配公平研究

收入分配公平是反映社会公平的一个重要指标,而越来越严重的收入分配差距对社会公平提出严峻挑战。西方发达国家将教育作为调节贫富差距的主要手段,中国教育因素对收入分配也存在较大影响。拟从教育与收入分配公平的正相关和负相关两个层面来探讨教育促进收入分配公平的对策。     

论新疆区内初中班的创办对少数民族基础教育发展的创新

新疆举办区内初中班是促进少数民族基础教育事业发展的必需。区内初中班的创办具有重要意义，它是党和国家、自治区为新疆培养人才、缩小中西部教育差距的民心工程；同时，区内初中班的创办又是对少数民族基础教育的创新。     

Defence Spending and Income Inequality in Taiwan

The rising trend in income inequality has recently attracted a renewed interest in the determinants of this growing trend across many countries. This article adds to the debate by investigating the impact of defence expenditure as a possible determinant of inequality in Taiwan, a country once was considered to be a poster child of an equitable growth, but now income inequality has become one of the Taiwan’s growing challenges. Applying the bounds test approach to cointegration and four long-run estimators for the period from 1976–2011, we found a long-run relationship between the various measures of inequality and defence expenditure where defence expenditure exerts a positive and a statistically significant impact on the worse income inequality in Taiwan. Further application of the lag-augmented causality test procedure also reveals a unidirectional causality running from defence expenditure to income inequality with defence expenditure causing income inequality to rise.     

Military expenditure and income distribution in South Korea

This paper attempts to investigate the long-run and the causal relationship between military expenditure and income distribution in South Korea for the period 1965–2011. Applying the bounds test approach to cointegration, we found a long-run relationship between military expenditure and the Gini coefficient with military expenditure having a positive and a statistically significant impact on income inequality. A 1% rise in military expenditure increased the Gini coefficient by 0.38%. Application of the lag-augmented causality test also reveals a unidirectional causality running from military expenditure to income inequality. The evidence seems to suggest that devoting more resources to the military sector may further worsen income inequality in South Korea.     

The impact of military spending and income inequality on economic growth in Turkey

An extensive literature on the effect of military expenditures on economic growth yields conflicting results. However, a crucial issue that has not been investigated in this context is the possible effect of inequality. The impact of military expenditures on economic growth in Turkey has also received substantial attention. Yet, the majority of these studies are not constructed based on a structural model, but rather examine the causality between the variables in question. Considering these two shortcomings in the literature and the lack of consistent results, this study attempts to provide further evidence for the relationship between military expenditures and economic growth for the case of Turkey by considering income inequality within an augmented Solow growth model. Our findings for the 1963–2008 period show that while income inequality has a positive impact on economic growth, military expenditures have no significant effect.     

Does defence expenditure have a spillover effect on income inequality? A cross-regional analysis in China

China’s defence expenditure has been growing rapidly along with GDP growth during the past two decades. Meanwhile, the income gap has continued to increase. There are conflicting views regarding whether the defence expenditure is capable of reducing income inequality. Therefore, this paper investigates the existence of any spillover effect of defence expenditure on income inequality, with a special focus on the regional differences among 31 provinces and 7 military regions in China. We extend panel cointegration and the impulse response function by using panel data during the period of 1997–2012. The empirical results show that the defence expenditure has an impact on income inequality, and the effect varies over different regions in China. The defence expenditure has a spillover effect on income inequality in the full sample panel and the southeastern panel. An increase in the defence expenditure does not crowd out social welfare spending due to the high level of economic development and government expenditure. On the contrary, in the northern panel, the effect is opposite because of the unbalanced economic development levels within the panel. Beijing as the capital of China, benefits more from the expansion of defence expenditure thus widening the income gap. In addition, the impulse response analyses further confirm a stronger effect of the defence expenditure on income inequality in the northern and the southeastern panels over a short period.     

Does Income Inequality Derive the Separatist Terrorism in Turkey?

Separatist terrorism has been a severe problem for Turkey since the mid-1980s. The conventional wisdom contends that economic deprivation in southeastern Turkey is the fundamental reason for the long-running battle against the Kurdish rebels. Considering that there is limited empirical literature on the roots of terrorism in Turkey, yielding conflicting results about the claim that the main cause of terrorism is deprived economic conditions, this study aims to answer whether there is a causal relationship between income inequality and separatist terrorism in Turkey. To this end, the Global Terrorism Data Base for the period of 1973–2006, two Theil indices of pay inequality as proxy for income inequality, and the vector autoregression and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) methods are utilized. The results support the early findings that income inequality, a particular focus in this paper and an essential indicator of economic deprivation, is not a main cause of escalation of separatist terrorism in Turkey.     

Defense Expenditure and Income Inequality: Evidence on Co-integration and Causality for China

There are conflicting views as to the relationship between a nation’s defense expenditure (DE) and its population’s income inequality (INEQ). DE, always an important part of government budget, can easily crowd out transfer payments, necessary to improve INEQ; however, these payments may also create a demand that may raise the income levels of the lower income earners. Consequently, the relationship between DE and INEQ is an important question. This paper examines the relationship between DE and INEQ in China for the period of 1989–2012. Utilizing basic cointegration and causality tests, our objective is to add to the literature by providing evidence that China’s DE, in fact, do have an impact on INEQ.     

Reliability interpretations of some concepts from economics

In a recent article, Chandra and Singpurwalla have pointed out the close relationship between the Lorenz curve, which is frequently used when illustrating income distributions in economics, and the total-time-on-test transform (TTT transform), which has proved to be a very useful tool in reliability. They also presented some characterizations of aging properties by using the Lorenz curve. The purpose of this article is to point out some further results in the same area and to give reliability interpretations of some common measures of income inequality.     

Military Expenditures,Income Inequality,Welfare and Political Regimes: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis

The goal of this paper is to investigate the relationship between type of welfare regimes and military expenditures. There is a sizeable empirical literature on the development of the welfare state and on the typology of the welfare regimes. There appear to be, however, no empirical studies that examine welfare regimes with special attention to military spending. This study aims at providing a comprehensive analysis on the topic by considering several different welfare regime typologies. To do so, we use dynamic panel data analysis for 37 countries for the period of 1988–2003 by considering a wide range of control variables such as inequality measures, number of terrorist events, and size of the armed forces. We also replicate the same analyses for the political regimes. Our findings, in line with the literature, show that there is a positive relationship between income inequality and share of military expenditures in the central government budget, and that the number of terrorist events is a significant factor that affects both the level of military expenditure and inequality. Also, the paper reveals a significant negative relationship between social democratic welfare regimes and military expenditures.     

税收实践对收入公平分配的负面效应及其对策

税收实践中,税收制度的累退性、税收调节错位、税收体系不全以及税务管理的乏力,导致了事实上收入分配的不公平。因此,要改变税收结构,调整税收调节,完善税收体系,强化税务管理,以弱化税收实践对收入公平分配的负面效应。     

Piracy,state capacity and root causes

By comparing the Somali experience of piracy with the emerging situation in the Gulf of Guinea, I show that increases in the enforcement aspects of state capacity in the Gulf of Guinea states are necessary but not sufficient tools to combat the emergence, growth, and institutionalisation of piracy. Such tools would require state-building measures that would minimise the incentives of individuals to join piracy organisations and they would have to effectively deal with youth unemployment, income inequality, and environmental degradation.