基于DRL与微分对策的无人机空战决策研究

随着无人机战场环境越来越复杂,空战对抗将逐渐成为主要的一种无人机作战方式.为了能够确保我方无人机在快速演变的战场态势下抓住先机、精确决策、快速致胜,需要根据实际作战环境、作战样式,建立无人机和环境进行交互的规则、无人机空战对抗中采用的战术使用规则,并结合规则,通过智能决策算法,达到提升无人机空战对抗胜率的目的.提出一种结合微分对策(Differential Games,DG)的深度强化学习方法(Deep Reinforcement Learning,DRL)解决此问题,利用深度强化学习的智能决策性以及微分对策的准确机动性,实现战术决策到机动决策.最后以空战对抗1V1为例,对提出的方法进行验证,结果证明方法可行有效.     

部队机动作战中无人机安全威胁与防控对策

近几场局部冲突表明无人机作战已由小规模使用转向常态化运用,无人机机型谱系众多、作战样式多样,给传统防控体系带来了全新挑战,特别是严重威胁装甲车、坦克、后勤车队等机动作战单元的安全。在分析无人机主要安全威胁的基础上,立足当前典型的无人机防控手段,针对性开展机动作战中无人机防控体系设计,提出驻车待机阶段和机动行进阶段两种防控模式,重点围绕防区规划、防控流程、战术要领研讨防控策略,以期为现代战争中机动作战单元无人机防控力量建设和实践运用提供参考。     

基于扩展比例导引律的制导模型

针对常用比例导弹导引律制导命中率低的问题,分析了比例导引律、偏置比例导引律、修正比例导引律的制导性能,提出了一种基于扩展比例导引律的制导模型,经仿真表明,该导引律具有目标垂直和水平机动跟踪能力,提升了反导作战的机动能力和效率。     

基于进化算法的雷达对抗侦察无人机航路规划

雷达对抗侦察无人机在执行任务前要根据战场环境预先规划好最优路径。全面考虑战场环境威胁约束、机动性能约束和侦察任务约束,综合轮盘法、最优保存策略和6种进化算子形成进化算法,并对航路规划问题进行求解。仿真结果表明,利用约束量化方法和进化算法对雷达对抗侦察无人机进行航路规划是可行的。     

一种攻击机动目标的变结构导引律研究

无人机在快速接敌的过程中,传统比例导引法系数的最优解与目标和载机的距离有关,而且一旦目标机动或增加了干扰,跟踪效果都会变差.为了解决这一问题,提出了一种变结构的跟踪方法.仿真结果表明:该方法在未知目标距离的情况下能够快速接敌,且能减小无人机所需过载,提高制导精度和跟踪鲁棒性,限制了视线角速度.     

基于动态逆的无人机机动控制律设计

针对现代无人机机动性的需求,基于动态逆系统理论,提出一种适合小型无人机机动指令跟踪的非线性控制方法,分别设计了慢变量和快变量动态逆控制律,并通过对无人机航迹倾斜角的实时导引控制,进一步提高无人机的整体机动性.仿真结果表明,基于动态逆的航迹倾斜角反馈控制能够达到期望的机动效果,具有良好的指令跟踪性能.该控制律可应用于无人侦察机规避高空障碍,具有重要的现实意义.     

无人机规避或跟踪空中目标的自适应运动导引方法

无人机规避或跟踪空中目标可以看作是一个非线性运动导引控制问题。针对这类任务中无人机和目标存在高机动性、高时敏性等特点,提出了一种基于Lyapunov稳定性理论的无人机规避或跟踪目标运动导引方法。构建了基于精细时间运动导引方法的无人机规避或跟踪空中目标问题求解框架,并将无人机碰撞规避和机动目标跟踪问题分别转化为到达虚拟目标点和与虚拟目标点交会的问题。针对碰撞规避问题,将其转化为实现平行导引的控制问题,基于Lyapunov稳定性理论设计了无人机碰撞规避导引律。针对机动目标跟踪问题,在碰撞规避基础上,根据目标点交会的要求设计了相应的目标跟踪导引律。在Gazebo平台上开展了仿真验证实验,实验结果表明:所提方法能够有效避免大过载情况的出现,并具有较强的时变和参数适应性。     

舰载无人机双机无源侦察定位策略

针对驱护舰编队作战中使用舰载无人机进行双机无源侦察定位时，搜索力如何进行优化配置的问题，基于舰载无人机双机无源定位有效区分析模型，在对舰载无人机双机无源侦察定位策略选择依据分析的基础上，提出了舰载无人机双机定基线无源侦察定位策略和双机变基线无源侦察定位策略，并给出了三种实用的机动侦察定位方式。     

基于矩阵对策与遗传算法的无人机空战决策

针对无人机自主空战决策的实时性与准确性需求,提出一种矩阵对策法与遗传算法相结合的空战决策算法。基于空战优势函数以及无人机机动模型建立了无人机空战决策模型,使用改进的矩阵对策法获取我方无人机最优选择策略的大致范围,再在此范围内使用遗传算法寻找最优策略,最后通过直线飞行机动和S型规避机动仿真验证了算法的可行性。仿真结果表明,所提算法不仅能够提高机动决策的精度,还在一定程度上避免了单纯遗传算法计算量大、计算时间长的问题,满足空战合理性与实时性需求。     

定量的近距空战训练对抗态势分析方法

针对近距对抗态势分析不能量化的不足,提出一种定量的近距空战训练对抗态势分析方法。该方法以对抗过程中双方的位置关系为基础,结合近距空空导弹的攻击包线,建立位置优势函数和武器优势函数,通过两类函数的线性组合构造对抗态势函数,实现了空战训练对抗态势的定量描述。通过算例验证了该方法的合理性和有效性。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.