一种基于最大选择的Switching-CFAR检测器

针对传统CFAR(Constant False Alarm Rate)检测器不能同时适应于均匀和非均匀杂波背景的问题,提出了一种改进的CFAR检测器,即IEGOS(Iterative Excision Greatest of Switching)-CFAR检测器。在迭代删除的基础上,采用Switching方法,利用检测单元幅度自适应选择参考单元,得到前后滑窗的局部杂波功率估计,然后取二者中的最大值作为总的杂波功率估计,实现恒虚警检测。在SwerlingⅡ型目标和瑞利包络杂波分布的假设下,推导证明了IEGOS的恒虚警性,与CA、GO、SO、OS和EXS算法的对比分析表明IEGOS在均匀杂波、多目标干扰和杂波边缘中均拥有较好的性能,且该算法无需排序,便于工程实现。     

基于多先验谱模型的低慢小目标子空间检测器

针对非均匀杂波环境下自适应检测低慢小目标时,信号特征难提取,有效训练样本受限的问题,将低慢小目标建模为多维子空间模型,提出了基于多先验谱模型的低慢小目标子空间检测器构造方法。该检测器使用纹理分量为逆伽马分布的复合高斯模型来描述杂波,利用多先验谱模型的线性组合来表示杂波协方差矩阵的逆,能在均匀和非均匀杂波背景下检测低慢小目标。仿真表明,该检测器比传统基于渐进最大似然估计协方差矩阵的检测器以及单独基于多先验谱和子空间的检测器性能更好,并且训练样本数不足的情况下保持很好的性能。     

韦布尔干扰中有序统计平均恒虚警检测器性能

证明了形状参数已知条件下有序统计平均恒虚警检测器在韦布尔分布杂波背景下具有恒虚警性能,推导了该背景下OSCA-CFAR检测器对非起伏目标的检测概率Pd和平均判决阈值的解析表达式,用数值方法讨论了尺度参数和序值变化对检测性能的影响,最后分析了多目标情况下该检测器的性能,并于有序统计进行了比较,分析结果表明OSCA在多目标环境下具有较好的检测性能.     

基于检测统计量的修正转换恒虚警检测算法

提出了一种新的恒虚警检测算法--修正的转换恒虚警检测算法(MS-CFAR).该算法考虑检测单元采样作为参考单元的选择依据,其使用了基于转换恒虚警(S-CFAR)和最大选择恒虚警(GO-CFAR)的复合算法.给出了该算法在均匀背景中的数学分析.结果表明,该检测器既具有均匀背景下和CA-CFAR相近的良好性能,在多目标环境中亦克服了GO-CFAR不能分辨主目标的弊端,具有较强的适应性.尤其在杂波边缘环境中,MS-CFAR表现出了远好于S-CFAR的控制虚警的能力.     

海杂波背景中的一种恒虚警率检测方法

提出了一种适用于机载预警(AEW)雷达海杂波背景中目标检测的双参数有序统计恒虚警(CFAR)处理方法———BOS CFAR方法,并对该方法在非高斯海杂波背景、多脉冲非相参积累和多目标干扰环境下的检测性能进行了讨论和分析。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方法能有效地提高AEW雷达海杂波背景中的CFAR检测性能。     

多目标环境中的自适应学习恒虚警率检测算法

针对多目标干扰过程中参考单元内目标干扰检测单元检测,提出一种自适应学习恒虚警检测算法。该算法根据选定参考的历史样本依次加权递推出估计杂波功率水平。仿真结果表明,加权递推滤波在剔除干扰和在杂波边缘中检测目标方面表现出了良好的性能,在对抗杂波边缘WRF-CFAR更是可取的。在均匀杂波背景中改进的CWRF-CFAR总体性能优于WRF-CFAR且随滤波长度的增加优势扩大。     

修正秩非参量检测器在K分布海杂波中的应用

研究了广义符号修正秩检测器和Mann-Whitney修正秩检测器在K分布海杂波中对起伏雷达目标的检测性能,并分别与广义符号检测器和Mann-Whitney检测器的检测性能进行了比较.前两种修正秩检测器是通过设计秩统计量的逆正态得分函数来获得检验统计量,对积累分布函数连续且概率密度函数服从对称分布的数据具有恒虚警性能.     

KK分布杂波下的距离扩展目标检测算法

针对服从KK分布的大拖尾雷达杂波背景下的扩展目标检测问题,利用球不变随机变量表示了KK分布雷达杂波模型。在假设目标回波幅度已知的情况下,研究了基于Neyman-Pearson准则的距离扩展目标最优积累检测器,并通过对目标幅度的最大似然估计,推导了广义最大似然比检验检测器模型。为了降低这两种检测器中因计算第二类修正的贝塞尔函数而引入的运算复杂度,提出了一种基于顺序统计量的广义似然比检测器。该检测器利用检测窗内幅度较大的距离单元回波作为目标回波进行判决。利用蒙特卡罗仿真对这三种算法的性能进行了验证与比较,虽然最优积累检测器与广义似然比检测器具有更好的检测性能,但实现困难,计算量大,而基于顺序统计量的广义似然比检测器则具有更高的实用性。     

基于局域模板的STAP非均匀检测器

分析了STAP(Space Time Adaptive Processing)中强干扰目标影响传统非均匀检测器性能的机理,针对强干扰目标引起的非均匀检测器性能下降和传统自适应功率剩余(APR)方法运算量大的问题,提出了一种基于局域模板的非均匀检测器(Local Template NHD,LT-NHD)。该方法不需要进行协方差矩阵求逆的耗时运算,便能获得较高的运算效率;此外,其检测不易受训练样本中的强目标样本影响,能获得比传统方法更为鲁棒的检测性能。实测数据实验验证了本文方法的有效性。     

MIMO雷达和组网雷达的CA2CFAR检测性能比较

多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达是近几年出现的一种新雷达技术,也是近几年雷达领域研究的重点。建立MIMO雷达的信号模型,明确给出MIMO雷达进行CA2CFAR检测的检测概率和虚警概率解析表达式,对组网雷达和MIMO雷达在均匀杂波背景下CA2CFAR检测性能进行了分析对比。仿真结果表明。MIMO雷达对类似噪声特性的复杂目标具有更好的检测性能。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.