面向反导预警作战的雷达交接班时机选择方法

针对反导预警作战过程中远程预警相控阵雷达(early-warning radar,EWR)和多功能地基相控阵雷达(ground-based radar,GBR)探测跟踪弹道导弹的交接班问题,提出了一种可行的雷达交接班时机选择方法.该方法通过卡尔曼滤波对弹道目标进行滤波定轨,基于目标瞬时运动状态估算目标剩余飞行距离,并依据GBR对目标的探测定位精度(geometrical dilution of precision,GDOP)进行接班时机优选,以支持反导预警作战雷达交接班决策.最后,通过一个实例验证了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

考虑目标微多普勒频移的反导雷达配置模型

针对采用微多普勒频移识别目标的反导雷达,对其配置问题进行研究,以便更好地发挥其目标识别能力。首先,利用雷达性能参数,计算出要探测某一弹道时的雷达可配置区;其次,分析目标微多普勒频移对目标识别可能性的影响,以雷达覆盖区和高概率识别区的最大化为目标建立雷达的配置模型;最后,通过仿真分析发现通过调节雷达覆盖区与高概率识别区的权重,可以得到针对不同作战需求时的雷达配置方案。     

相控阵雷达信息在舰炮武器系统中优化使用

相控阵雷达作为全舰统一配置的公共资源,已成为当前舰艇装备发展的一种趋势。从信息流程和解算方法等方面,研究了近程反导舰炮武器系统对相控阵雷达目标信息的优化使用问题,以充分有效地利用相控阵雷达目标探测资源,缩短了舰炮武器系统的反应时间,提高了舰炮武器系统的作战能力。仿真分析表明了方法的有效性。     

反导任务下一种相控阵雷达搜索参数优化方法

搜索参数优化设计是相控阵雷达探测性能提升的重要途径。在相控阵雷达反导任务背景下,针对导弹类目标建立了以最大期望发现距离为目标函数的搜索参数优化模型,在目标匀速运动和加速运动的条件下分别给出了雷达搜索波束最佳驻留时间以及相应目标期望发现距离的优化表达式,仿真证明了算法的有效性。     

相控阵体制机载预警雷达作战效能评估

相控阵体制是未来机载预警雷达发展的重要方向,其作战效能评估目前尚缺乏有效的方法和模型。采用经典的可用-可靠-能力模型(即ADC模型)对相控阵体制机载预警雷达的作战效能进行了建模,将预警雷达状态分为正常、降级和故障3种情况并给出了可用性的计算方法,根据概率论推导了可信性矩阵的计算方法,根据预警雷达探测威力、目标测量精度、目标跟踪能力3个指标给出了能力向量的计算方法。最后对建立的模型进行仿真,仿真结果得到:相控阵机载预警雷达作战效能随单个天线阵元的MTBF增加而增加,随执行任务时间的增加而降低。     

基于灰色AHP的地基多功能雷达中段预警能力评估

为了提高反导预警作战任务筹划的有效性和针对性,必须对反导预警雷达的任务能力进行有效评估。为此,以中段预警任务为背景,分析并建立了地基多功能雷达(Ground Based Radar,GBR)中段预警能力评估指标体系,设计了中段预警能力评估流程,并给出了基于灰色AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process)的评估模型。仿真分析结果表明:该评估算法能够定性和定量地评估GBR在既定作战场景下的中段预警能力,并有效反映来袭目标特性对雷达预警探测能力的影响,可为中段预警任务的分配以及雷达工作模式和参数的设计提供依据。     

空基反导作战需求分析及概念研究

针对利用空基平台进行弹道导弹助推段拦截的作战需求问题,首先从当前反导作战面临的威胁出发,提出了助推段拦截的作战能力需求。接着根据"基于能力"的作战需求分析方法,具体分析了空基助推段反导(简称"空基反导")对空基平台、预警探测系统、指挥控制系统和拦截弹的能力需求。最后初步研究了空基反导的空基平台、预警探测、指挥控制和拦截弹概念方案。研究结论对空基反导装备发展和需求论证具有一定的指导意义。     

HLA的天基信息支援下反导作战仿真系统OM设计

随着卫星等各种导弹探测预警装备的发展,区域防空反导作战中探测预警模式发生了重大的变化.为了能在反导需求的牵引下充分的利用好各类探测预警装备,提高防空反导作战的效率,有必要对天基信息支援下反导作战系统进行仿真.HLA是为了支持仿真应用间的互操作性及仿真部件的可重用性而产生的一种新的分布式仿真体系结构,而对象模型(OM)的设计,是HLA技术中的主体部分.分析了天基信息支援下反导作战系统的组成及作战流程,并依据HLA的开发原则,设计了该仿真系统的OM.     

多功能相控阵雷达在反导预警系统中的应用

战术弹道导弹的防御是当今军事斗争中一个重要问题,而防御首先需要解决的是预警问题,多功能相控阵雷达因为其突出的性能,在反导预警系统中具有核心的地位。首先对战术弹道导弹进行了概述,指出了多功能相控阵雷达的性能特点,接着讨论了多功能相控阵雷达反导模式的工作原理和探测能力,并给出了仿真分析,然后指出了多功能相控阵雷达的关键技术,最后就开展多功能相控阵雷达技术研究提出了建议。     

舰载预警直升机机载雷达有效探测距离模型

针对机载雷达最大作用距离这一参数,难以满足舰载预警直升机部署决策需求,建立了舰载预警直升机与目标接近到某一相对距离时,机载预警雷达发现目标的概率分布模型,进而给出了对特定目标满足给定发现概率和建航概率的有效探测距离计算模型,为针对不同目标预警时,舰载预警直升机的阵位配置研究提供了可靠依据。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.