非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机及其贫氧推进剂

研究了非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机的工作特性。研制出了能量高、燃速高、燃速压强指数高、低压燃烧性能好的铝镁贫氧推进剂配方。采用连管式试验与数值分析相结合的方法 ,对非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机性能进行了系统的研究     

“761”探空火箭推进剂的研制

根据“761”探空火箭设计提出的高燃速推进剂要求,本文进行了提高端羧基聚丁二烯推进剂燃速和其他性能的研究。本文提出:在端羧基聚丁二烯推进剂基础配方中加入Fe_3O_4燃速催化剂,并在推进剂药柱轴向嵌入长银丝,可以大幅度地提高燃速,并保证了其他性能。实验结果表明:这种推进剂的燃速可达40毫米/秒左右,燃烧性能及其他性能稳定可靠,满足“761”探空火箭的各项要求,也可以应用于其他端面燃烧的火箭发动机中。     

固体火箭冲压发动机的工作特性分析

通过数值计算 ,分析了燃气流量固定的壅塞式固体火箭冲压发动机、等空燃比工作的固体火箭冲压发动机和非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机的高度特性和速度特性。结果表明 ,当导弹的飞行高度和速度变化时 ,燃气流量固定的壅塞式固体火箭冲压发动机性能变化最大 ,燃速压强指数为 1 0的非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机的性能基本实现了等空燃比调节。贫氧推进剂的燃速压强指数越高 ,非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机燃气流量的自适应调节能力越强。     

丁羟复合推进剂侵蚀燃烧特性的实验研究

本文介绍了双试片法与中止多试片法测定丁羟复合推进剂侵蚀函数的结果,以及当推进剂燃速不同时、流经燃烧面燃气成份不同时对侵蚀特性的影响.试验结果表明,基本成份相同的推进剂,燃速慢的比燃速快的推进剂侵蚀严重;燃气温度高、固体微粒多比燃气温度低、固体微粒少的推进剂侵蚀严重.并将所得结果进行p-t曲线的计算,再将计算结果与试验发动机实测的p-t曲线进行比较. 对试验结果进行了初步分析.     

NEPE类推进剂燃烧模拟

在分析、研究硝胺和AP CMDB推进剂燃烧模型的基础上,结合NEPE类推进剂的配方和燃烧性能特点,建立了NEPE类推进剂燃烧的物理模型,并进行了燃速和压强指数的理论计算。结果表明,几乎100%的计算结果都在实验值的±10%范围内。这说明所建立的模型基本合理,编制的NEPE类推进剂燃速计算程序基本可行。     

进气道角度对含硼推进剂固冲发动机性能的影响

为了提高含硼推进剂固体火箭冲压发动机内硼颗粒的燃烧效率,采用颗粒轨道模型进行了补燃室两相流的数值模拟,其中硼颗粒的点火和燃烧模型采用的是King模型,建立了发动机补燃室内简单反应流模型,在该模型下研究了进气道的位置对非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机燃烧效率的影响,并在此基础上进行直连式试验研究.结果表明,后进气道角度为60°时的燃烧效率比90°时高.     

流量连续可调火箭发动机极度富燃燃烧特性

以气氧/煤油作为推进剂对火箭发动机进行流量连续调节试验,研究火箭发动机连续变工况过程中的燃烧特性。火箭发动机通过可调气蚀文氏管连续调节煤油流量。试验在富燃工况(混合比0.405~0.690)下成功点火,并实现了混合比、燃气总流量连续调节。试验发现流量连续调节过程中,当混合比小于0.535时,燃烧室压力随煤油流量减小而增大;当混合比大于0.535时,燃烧室压力随煤油流量减小而减小。同时,特征速度和燃烧效率随混合比增大而增大,并且混合比小于0.535时特征速度、燃烧效率增大的速率大于混合比大于0.535时的速率。研究表明推进剂流量与燃烧效率同时影响燃烧室压力。当混合比小于0.535时,燃烧效率的影响占优;混合比大于0.535时,推进剂流量影响占优。     

某些化合物对HTPB复合推进剂燃速压力指数的影响

本文研究了某些化合物对端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)复合固体推进剂燃速压力指数的影响。实验发现,硫化镉是一种较好的降低HTPB复合固体推进剂燃速压力指数的添加剂。当硫化镉与其它燃速催化剂混合使用时,在提高推进剂燃速的同时,仍能达到较大幅度降低燃速压力指数的目的。最后应用差热分析方法对硫化镉的作用机理作了初步的探讨。     

预燃室内气氢气氧射流燃烧过程数值分析

建立了液体火箭发动机预燃室内气氢气氧射流燃烧过程的数学模型,包括燃烧过程控制守恒方程、湍流流动方程和湍流燃烧模型,以及求解控制方程所需的辅助关系式;给出了模拟射流燃烧过程的数值方法。对于给定的预燃室结构型式和尺寸,研究了喷嘴构型和氧的喷射方式对化学反应流场和燃烧性能的影响规律。结果表明,喷嘴构型和氧的喷射方式对流动过程和燃烧性能都有影响,且喷嘴结构的影响较为明显。     

聚氨酯复合固体推进剂中等燃速压力指数及温度敏感系数的实验研究

研究了某些无机铅盐和氧化铝对燃速压力指数及温度敏感系数的影响。选择铬酸铅和活性氧化铝与某些燃速催化剂如氧化铬、硫化铜等一起作为推进剂的混合添加剂,使制得的摔推进剂具有中等的燃速和较低的燃速压力指数及温度敏感系数,同时具有良好的力学性能。     

Controllable combustion behaviors of the laser-controlled solid propellant

Microsatellites have been widely applied in the fields of communication,remote sensing,navigation and science exploration due to its characteristics of low cost,flexible launch mode and short development period.However,conventional solid-propellant have difficulties in starting and interrupting combustion because combustion is autonomously sustained after ignition.Herein,we proposed a new type of solid-propellant named laser-controlled solid propellant,which is sensitive to laser irradiation and can be started or interrupted by switching on/off the continuous wave laser.To demonstrate the feasibility and investigate the controllable combustion behaviors under different laser on/off conditions,the combus-tion parameters including burning rate,ignition delay time and platform pressure were tested using pressure sensor,high-speed camera and thermographic camera.The results showed that the increase of laser-on or laser-off duration both will lead to the decrease of propellant combustion performance during re-ignition and re-combustion process.This is mainly attributed to the laser attenuation caused by the accumulation of combustion residue and the change of chamber ambient temperature.Simultaneously,the multiple ignition tests revealed that the increased chamber ambient temperature after combustion can make up for the energy loss of laser attenuation and expansion of chamber cavity.However,the laser-controlled combustion performance of solid propellant displayed a decrease trend with the addi-tion of ignition times.Nevertheless,the results still exhibited good laser-controlled agility of laser-controlled solid propellant and manifested its inspiring potential in many aspects of space missions.     

固体燃料冲压发动机飞行性能分析

固体燃料冲压发动机性能通过进气道与导弹飞行工况关联在一起,其工作过程需考虑导弹飞行参数对发动机性能的影响。与其它冲压发动机相比,固体燃料冲压发动机一个显著特点是推进剂燃烧过程不仅与推进剂配方、发动机结构和燃烧室压强有关,还取决于燃烧室入口空气参数,因此工作过程较为复杂。在国内首次建立固体燃料冲压发动机工作过程仿真模型,并分析导弹飞行马赫数和高度对发动机性能的影响规律。     

Recent advances in catalytic combustion of AP-based composite solid propellants

Composite solid propellants (CSPs) have widely been used as main energy source for propelling the rockets in both space and military applications. Internal ballistic parameters of rockets like characteristic exhaust velocity, specific impulse, thrust, burning rate etc., are measured to assess and control the performance of rocket motors. The burn rate of solid propellants has been considered as most vital parameter for design of solid rocket motors to meet specific mission requirements. The burning rate of solid propellants can be tailored by using different constituents, extent of oxidizer loading and its particle size and more commonly by incorporating suitable combustion catalysts. Various metal oxides (MOs), complexes, metal powders and metal alloys have shown positive catalytic behaviour during the com-bustion of CSPs. These are usually solid-state catalysts that play multiple roles in combustion of CSPs such as reduction in activation energy, enhancement of rate of reaction, modification of sequences in reaction-phase, influence on condensed-phase combustion and participation in combustion process in gas-phase reactions. The application of nanoscale catalysts in CSPs has increased considerably in recent past due to their superior catalytic properties as compared to their bulk-sized counterparts. A large surface-to-volume ratio and quantum size effect of nanocatalysts are considered to be plausible reasons for improving the combustion characteristics of propellants. Several efforts have been made to produce nanoscale combustion catalysts for advanced propellant formulations to improve their energetics. The work done so far is largely scattered. In this review, an effort has been made to introduce various combustion catalysts having at least a metallic entity. Recent developments of nanoscale combustion catalysts with their specific merits are discussed. The combustion chemistry of a typical CSP is briefly discussed for providing a better understanding on role of combustion catalysts in burning rate enhancement. Available information on different types of combustion nanocatalysts is also presented with critical comments.     

Burning rate and other characteristics of strontium titanate (SrTiO3) supplemented AP/HTPB/Al composite propellants

In a quest of search for a new burning rate modifier for composite propellant, strontium titanate (SrTiO₃), a perovskite oxide has been chosen for evaluation in a composite propellant formulation based on its other catalytic applications. Initially, SrTiO₃ was characterized for particle size, morphology and material/phase identification (using XRD). By varying SrTiO₃ content in a standard composite propellant, different compositions were prepared and their performance and processing parameters like the end of mix (EOM) viscosity, mechanical properties, density, burning rate, pressure exponent (n-value), etc. were measured. The results reveal that 2% SrTiO₃ causes more than 12% enhancement in propellant burning rate (at 70 ksc pressure) in comparison to the standard propellant composition. The pressure exponent also increases to 0.46, whereas the standard composition was having its value as 0.35.     

CALCULATION OF BURNING RATE CHARACTERISTICS IN ACCELERATED FIELD FOR SOME ALUMINIZED SOLID PROPELLANTS

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Research on the influences of confining pressure and strain rate on NEPE propellant: Experimental assessment and constitutive model

In order to study the influences of confining pressure and strain rate on the mechanical properties of the Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether (NEPE) propellant, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted using the self-made confining pressure system and material testing machine. The stress-strain responses of the NEPE propellant under different confining pressure conditions and strain rates were obtained and analyzed. The results show that confining pressure and strain rate have a remarkably influence on the mechanical responses of the NEPE propellant. As confining pressure increases (from 0 to 5.4 MPa), the maximum tensile stress and ultimate strain increase gradually. With the coupled effects of confining pressure and strain rate, the value of the maximum tensile stress and ultimate strain at 5.4 MPa and 0.0667 s⁻¹ is 2.03 times and 2.19 times of their values under 0 MPa and 0.00333 s⁻¹, respectively. Afterwards, the influence mechanism of confining pressure on the NEPE propellant was analyzed. Finally, based on the viscoelastic theory and continuous damage theory, a nonlinear constitutive model considering confining pressure and strain rate was developed. The damage was considered to be rate-dependent and pressure-dependent. The constitutive model was validated by comparing experimental data with predictions of the constitutive model. The whole maximum stress errors of the model predictions are lower than 4% and the corresponding strain errors are lower than 7%. The results show that confining pressure can suppress the damage initiation and evolution of the NEPE propellant and the nonlinear constitutive model can describe the mechanical responses of the NEPE propellant under various confining pressure conditions and strain rates. This research can lay a theoretical foundation for analyzing the structural integrity of propellant grain accurately under working pressure loading.     

Combustion of B4C/KNO3 binary pyrotechnic system

Presented herein is an experimental study on the combustion of B4C/KNO3 binary pyrotechnic system.Combustion products were tested using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS).According to the results of tests and CEA calculation,the combustion reaction equation was established.The flames and burning rates were recorded by a high speed camera and a spectrophotometer.The effect of B4C particle size on the thermal sensitivity of B4C/KNO3 was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)techniques.In addition,a reliable method for calculating the flame temperature was proposed.Based on the results of experiments,the combustion reaction mechanism was briefly analyzed.The burning rate,flame temperature and thermal sensitivity of B4C/KNC3 increase with the decrease of B4C particle size.The mass ratio of B4C/KNO3 has a great effect on combustion properties.Oxidizer-rich compositions have low flame temperatures,low burning rates,and provide green light emission.The combustion reactions of fuel-rich compositions are vigorous,and the B4C/KNO3 with mass ratio of 25:75 has the highest burning rate and the highest flame temperature.     

Burning characteristics of high density foamed GAP/CL-20 propellants

The monolithic foamed propellants with high densities were prepared by casting and two-step foaming processes. Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) and isocyanate were used as the binder system and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW, CL-20) was employed as the energetic component. The newly designed formulation containing 60 % CL-20 produced a force constant of 1077 J/g and low flame temperature of 2817 K. Two foamed propellants with densities of 1.32 g/cm³ and 1.53 g/cm³ were fabricated by a confined foaming process and examined by closed bomb tests. The results revealed that porosity significantly affects burning performance. A size effect on combustion behaviors was observed for the foamed propellant with 5.56 % porosity, and a double-hump progressive dynamic vivacity curve was obtained. At last, the 30 mm gun test was carried out to demonstrate the interior ballistic performance, and the muzzle velocity increased by 120 m/s at the same maximum chamber pressure when monolithic propellant was added in the charge.