自燃推进剂液体火箭发动机燃烧室设计简化模型

本文提出了一个自燃推进剂液体火箭发动机燃烧室设计简化模型。与 Priem 基本模型不同,本文考虑了燃料分解反应,液滴二次雾化以及燃烧室截面上混合比和流强的不均匀性对燃烧效率的影响。文中导出了计算所需的全部公式,提出了计算程序。应用本方法计算了 C 发动机的燃烧效率。计算效率与试验结果相当符合,其误差在1～5%以内。文中还给出了燃料总蒸发速率和单位长度上的蒸发速率随该发动机燃烧室轴向距离变化的曲线。曲线表明,分解反应,液滴二次雾化和液滴尺寸分布对蒸发速率的影响很大。最后讨论了本模型使用的条件。     

气氧甲烷溅板式层板喷注器燃烧特性试验分析

采用试验方法分别对单喷嘴和多喷嘴溅板式层板喷注器燃烧特性进行研究,考察不同工况下喷注器面板热载情况,得到不同混合比、不同结构参数对燃烧室压力分布和燃烧效率的影响规律。试验结果表明:混合比对多喷嘴喷注器燃烧室压力影响不大,但对燃烧效率有较大影响。对于单喷嘴喷注器,燃烧效率随着混合比的增加而增高。相同条件下,增大扩张角及出口层宽度有利于提高喷注器燃烧效率,但会引起喷注面板热载增大,各喷注器喷注面板均产生不同程度的变形或失效。该结果对于正确指导层板式喷注器的设计以及筛选喷注器结构具有重要意义。     

液氧/煤油推进剂液体火箭发动机循环动力平衡分析

本文对以液氧/煤油为推进剂的发生器循环和分级燃烧循环方案进行了分析,求出了各种循环方案的最大室压,给出了室压、推力、燃烧室混合比和喷管出口直径对发动机比冲和系统平衡参数的影响,并探讨了平衡参数对效率、涡轮压比和发生器(或预燃室)混合比等设许参数变化的敏感性     

FY-2型发动机燃烧室计算模型

本文提出了一个液体火箭发动机双组元自燃推进剂高压燃烧过程的计算模型。模型考虑了偏二甲肼的分解反应、四氧化二氮的离解反应、高压蒸发、液滴二次雾化以及燃烧室横截面上混合比和流强分布的不均匀性。应用该模型对FY-2型发动机的三种喷注器结构的燃烧效率及能量释放分布进行了理论计算,计算结果与试车数据和现象相当吻合。     

离心式喷雾器雾化细度的实验研究

一、引言液体推进剂火箭发动机的喷雾器(又叫喷咀)是组织液体推进剂火箭发动机燃烧过程很重要的元件。它的性能的好坏,直接影响到燃烧效率的高低以及燃烧室的尺寸和重量等指标。因此,人们总是希望能够设计出高性能的喷雾器以保证能够得到高性能的燃烧器。     

液体火箭发动机碳/碳复合材料喷管烧蚀分析

对液体火箭发动机碳／碳复合材料喷管的烧蚀过程进行研究。理论模型包括固相和气相守恒方程。气相湍流反应边界层流动应用质量加权平均控制方程分析，喷管壁温分布由非稳态传热方程进行数值计算获得。分析了推进剂混合比、液膜冷却量、燃烧室压力、壁面材料的密度对烧蚀速率的影响。     

液体火箭发动机变推力用流量可调汽蚀文氏管设计中几个问题的分析

前言具有固定流通截面积的汽蚀文氏管在一般工业部门中应用巳相当广泛。随着火箭与航天技术的飞速发展,固定流通截面的汽蚀文氏管已被大量使用。由于变推力液体火箭发动机的出现,它的推力与混合比需要调节因而流量可调汽蚀文氏管已被迅速采用而得到发展。实践证明对双元推进剂液体火箭发动机的推力与混合比的调节来说它是一个很有效的装置。     

线性可调音速喷嘴工作特性仿真

为了满足组合发动机模态转换的要求,连续稳定调节推进剂流量十分关键。为此,针对气体推进剂,在常规音速喷嘴的基础上设计了一种可调音速喷嘴。通过塞锥改变音速喷嘴的节流面积,进而实现流量的连续调节。采用两次包络线方法设计塞锥型面,使得可调音速喷嘴具有线性的流量特性。采用计算流体动力学数值仿真研究可调音速喷嘴的工作特性。仿真结果表明反压小于临界反压时,可调音速喷嘴流量不受反压影响。可调音速喷嘴保持临界状态的临界反压比随流量的减小呈增大的趋势。线性可调音速喷嘴的流量与塞锥位置有较好的线性关系,其流量系数高且几乎不受塞锥位置的影响。     

煤油超音速燃烧的试验研究

在地面直连式试车台上,研究了煤油碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机的点火燃烧性能。通过测量模型发动机壁面压力分布,比较了不同工况下的煤油点火燃烧性能。试验结果表明,在当量比为0.27～1.46的大范围内,煤油在超燃冲压模型发动机中能够成功点火,支板和凹腔对煤油在超声速气流中的点火及稳定燃烧有重要作用,少量氢气的喷入对煤油的点火燃烧有良好的促进作用。太厚的支板、过高的当量比、模型发动机第一级燃烧室加入燃料过多会使发动机壅塞,影响隔离段的正常工作,进而影响加热器喷管工作。     

固体火箭冲压发动机的工作特性分析

通过数值计算 ,分析了燃气流量固定的壅塞式固体火箭冲压发动机、等空燃比工作的固体火箭冲压发动机和非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机的高度特性和速度特性。结果表明 ,当导弹的飞行高度和速度变化时 ,燃气流量固定的壅塞式固体火箭冲压发动机性能变化最大 ,燃速压强指数为 1 0的非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机的性能基本实现了等空燃比调节。贫氧推进剂的燃速压强指数越高 ,非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机燃气流量的自适应调节能力越强。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.