枪械可靠性试验统计方案与参数估计研究

为了提高对枪械可靠性指标试验考核的系统性,对枪械故障分布规律进行了建模研究和特征分析,说明在使用寿命内可以用指数分布来近似;以指数分布为基础,运用可靠性工程理论和数学方法,开展了枪械定时截尾和序贯截尾两类试验统计方案的研究,举例说明了各试验要素的量化确定方法;对于定时截尾试验提出了枪械可靠性要求常用特征量故障率的点估计与区间估计公式,以便于定量地把握枪械的可靠性特征;通过实例应用验证了枪械可靠性试验统计方案与参数估计方法的可行性和有效性。     

小子样条件下航天轴承性能可靠性建模与评估

航天油润滑轴承可靠性具有小子样、无失效数据特点,即使采用性能可靠性方法进行建模与分析,仍存在性能数据不足问题。提出小子样条件下航天轴承性能可靠性分析的多层贝叶斯模型及模型求解方法。通过失效分析,建立轴承性能退化过程模型。利用自助法、试验数据、物理模型和专家经验等确定Bayes验前分布,并采用MCMC方法解决Bayes计算问题。实例分析表明,该方法具有较好的适用性,是解决小子样条件下长寿命产品可靠性建模与评估问题的一种有效途径。     

枪械机构故障可靠性分析方法研究

介绍枪械机构组成、机构动作和作用,利用可靠性故障分析法中常用的FMECA分析法和FTA分析法对枪械机构产生的故障进行定性分析,并通过某典型自动步枪可靠性试验数据进行统计分析,找出枪械机构动作的主要故障,设计出FMECA分析表和FTA故障树．通过以上分析,提出一些对枪械机构的设计要求．     

步进加速试验中基于Gamma过程的可靠性建模方法

某型导弹电连接器属于高可靠性、长寿命产品,为了对其进行可靠性评估,设计了步进应力加速退化试验获取性能退化数据,提出了加速应力下基于Gamma过程的可靠性建模方法。以电连接器的接触电阻作为性能参量,并根据实际使用环境选择了温度、湿度作为综合加速应力;利用Gamma过程对样品退化规律进行建模并对模型进行了检验;使用广义艾林模型描述了样品退化率与温度、湿度之间的关系。在以上基础上建立可靠性模型,并采用极大似然法估计出模型参数,成功对该型电连接器在工作条件下可靠度值作出了预测。     

早期可靠性数据的统计分析及其应用

在大型复杂产品研制过程中,通过原理样机的各类试验所获得的早期可靠性数据对产品早期可靠性的评估及可靠性设计具有重要意义。文中利用顺序约束模型研究了早期可靠性数据的处理方法,并将早期可靠性数据评估结果应用于可靠性增长计划的制定,从而有效减短了可靠性增长试验的时间。最后,给出了一个实际例子,以说明上述方法的应用。     

空投产品入水可靠性的评估方法

针对空投某产品时试验多状态、小样本的特点,提出了基于回归折算的性能可靠性评估方法.通过分析投放过程的数学模型,给出入水参数关于投放条件的回归模型,并根据试验数据估计出回归系数.利用回归折算将分散在不同空投条件下的试验数据折算到某一条件下,基于折算后的试验数据得到了较客观的产品入水可靠性评估结果.     

基于研制试验数据的可靠性综合评估方法

针对产品在研制阶段的试验项目多、时间短、样本少等特点,在可靠性增长Duane模型的基础上,提出一种基于研制阶段变母体变环境试验数据的可靠性综合评估方法与模型。考虑不同试验应力环境对产品的影响,引入环境折合系数,根据相似产品试验数据,采用综合考虑了增长趋势检验约束和增长模型检验约束的寻优方法求解环境折合系数,利用折合后的数据进行可靠综合评估。通过实例证明了该方法的工程实用性。     

基于贝叶斯方法的退化失效型产品实时可靠性评估

通过传统可靠性方法得到的失效分布反映了相同受试环境下同一类产品的平均特征,并不能直接应用于系统实时定量可靠性分析。为此,针对有历史试验数据的退化失效型产品,依据局部更新的思想,利用贝叶斯方法最大可能地采用现场测试数据,并将之及时反映到实时可靠性模型中去。结果表明,随着融合现场数据的增多,产品的实时可靠性模型也逐渐全面反映出产品的个性特征。     

时变环境下基于加速寿命试验的产品故障预测方法

针对传统可靠性模型及分析方法无法分析产品在时变环境下可靠性的缺陷,提出了时变环境应力下产品可靠性预测方法.引入比例风险模型描述产品可靠性与工作环境因素的关系,结合加速寿命试验数据,利用极大似然估计确定基准失效率函数及各环境因素协变量回归系数.在假设产品工作环境应力转换时间确定的情况下,建立了时变环境下可靠度分析模型.实例验证了该方法的有效性.     

面向性能分析的枪械数字样机设计与实现

针对枪械传统设计过程中指标验证过度依赖实物试验的问题,提出了枪械数字样机构建方法;根据典型枪械工作特点和性能指标,基于三维模型的几何样机,结合相关仿真分析软件,建立了面向枪械多项功能性能的仿真模型,分析了疲劳寿命、射击精度、终点威力、人机工效等内容,得到了具体的参数值;结果表明:枪械数字样机能够从结构合理性、原理可行性...     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.