基于主成分分析法的城市火灾风险聚类分析

利用主成分分析法确定了城市火灾各指标的综合风险值,基于分析的结果,通过K-均值的聚类算法对城市火灾风险进行了分类.以北京市火灾统计结果为例,确定了城市火灾统计指标的综合火灾风险值,对13个主城区进行了不同区域的火灾风险聚类,并对建成区的火灾统计数据按时域进行了聚类,实现了火灾风险的自动分类.不同区域和时域发生火灾的风险大小可为合理布置消防力量、有效安排执勤战备提供科学参考.     

棉包仓库简易安全评估方法研究

我国棉包储存行业随纺织业的快速发展而不断发展,新的棉包仓库不断兴建,旧有仓库的使用效率大为提高,相关的消防问题也日益突出,需要通过简易的安全评估活动提高消防安全管理水平。提出以安全检查表和模糊综合评估表两种工具进行棉包仓库简易安全评估,并对两种方法的特点及应用模式进行了研究。     

大型地下超市消防安全综合评估

根据大型地下超市火灾发生发展的规律和特点,建立了大型地下超市消防安全评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定了各影响因素的权重,采用模糊数学方法建立了大型地下超市消防安全综合评估模型,最后结合实例对某大型地下超市的消防安全进行了综合评估,实例证明,该模型对于大型地下超市的消防安全评估具有较强的实用价值。     

战场要素的认知处理

针对多弹编队飞行时如何判断当前复杂战场环境下的战场态势问题,采用层次分析法、属性识别理论方法和数据融合的方法,研究了实时认知处理战场要素模型问题。首先,对复杂战场要素进行分析,对这些战场要素进行分类;对不同的战场要素分别建立数学模型;然后,采用层次分析法和属性识别理论方法对导弹认知的数据进行评估,得到数据的精度评估等级后,采用数据融合方法对数据进行融合,得到融合后数据,以此对导弹中的数据进行实时更新。最后,将所建立的战场要素模型进行实例化仿真,仿真结果表明该方法的有效性。     

指标灵敏度分析的飞机空战效能评估方法比较

建立了两类空战效能评估模型,应用AHP法、离差最大化法和粗糙集法分别确定指标权重,针对不同评估方法的优劣差异问题,提出用单个目标和多目标评估的指标灵敏度分析方法对评估结果进行比较和验证,并讨论了各评估模型的可信性和稳定性,从而得到最优评估方法。最后,以4种战斗机的空战效能评估为例,证明了该方法的可行性。     

基于改进空战威胁评估模型的权重计算方法比较

针对多无人机(UAV)任务网协同空战态势威胁评估问题,在现有基本模型基础上增加考虑气象环境对威胁评估要素的影响和无人机的自主可靠性系数两个实际因素,提出一种改进的超视距空战威胁评估模型;同时,应用串联电阻分压法、改进AHP法和熵权法分别计算融合模型中各威胁指标的权重系数;进而,在考虑己方战机对敌方战机综合威胁与优势的基础上,介绍了战机协同空战目标分配的基本方案。最后,应用上述3种权重计算方法进行空战威胁仿真计算,计算结果表明改进空战威胁评估模型可有效改善空战决策性能。     

基于聚合模型的高轨预警卫星威胁评估

高轨预警卫星威胁评估是导弹作战指挥辅助决策的重要环节，可以为指挥员的太空目标选择提供依据。在分析其威胁要素特征的基础上，提出了采用“聚合模型”开展威胁评估的方法，并给出了威胁评估步骤。通过分析美国高轨预警卫星的工作模式及作战流程，选取了扫描探测、凝视跟踪及外部等三个方面的关键性威胁要素，并构建了各要素的评价函数模型。基于上下层威胁要素之间关系的不同，给出了两种不同的聚合模型，采用该模型分析了所选要素之间的聚合关系，得到了高轨预警卫星威胁评估模型。最后通过实例计算，验证了该评估方法的可行性和实用性。     

当前消防监督执法存在问题及对策

随着经济社会的不断发展,影响社会消防安全的不确定因素明显增多,火灾防控工作面临着许多新情况、新问题,尤其是新修订《消防法》颁布实施后,消防监督机制发生了变化,对消防监督执法工作提出了新要求。认真分析了当前消防监督执法工作存在的主要问题,并结合工作实际提出了改进和加强新时期消防监督执法工作的对策。     

基于粗糙集的装甲兵分队作战能力评估

为了解决装甲兵分队作战能力评估结果不准确、计算复杂的问题,提出基于粗糙集理论的计算方法。从作战要素的角度,建立评估指标体系;根据粗糙集属性重要度理论,给出各级评估指标约简和权重确定的方法;最后对装甲兵分队作战能力进行评估。为了验证该模型的可靠性和有效性,在装甲兵分队真实演习数据上进行评估分析,结果表明,与基于AHP的方法获得的结果相比,该方法能够获得更加出色的性能。     

基于四元模糊数的鱼雷作战效能评估权重分析

权重计算是鱼雷作战效能评估中的一个关键问题,通常采用层次分析法计算指标权重.作为一种主观赋权方法,层次分析法忽略了专家经验的模糊性,基于此,提出了四元模糊数层次分析法确定指标权重.该方法将传统层次分析法判断矩阵的元素由一个确定的数推广到含有模糊信息的四元模糊数,并给出了方法模型和计算步骤.采用所提方法进行了鱼雷作战效能评估指标权重应用实例的计算,结果表明该方法是一种行之有效的权重计算方法.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.