二维水翼空化流动的数值模拟

基于RANS方程,结合不同湍流模型与空化模型对粘性流中二维NACA66012模型水翼附近流场进行数值计算与模拟.计算得到固定攻角、固定来流速度时升力系数和阻力系数随空化数的变化规律以及固定空化数时升力系数随攻角的变化规律,并对相应流场进行分析.在二维水翼空化流动的准稳态模拟中,重点对比分析了不同湍流模型、空化模型对空化流动模拟结果的影响,并将计算结果与实验数据进行比较.研究结果表明,在二维水翼附近空化流动的数值模拟中,采用k-ω湍流模型和均相流空化模型计算得到的结果与实验数据吻合较好.最后,采用分离涡模型对不稳定的空化流动进行了瞬态模拟,并得到空化流动的变化规律.     

一种超空泡空化器优化设计方法

根据超空泡流动力学特性,将其流型计算处理为一有约束的优化问题,从而使空化器优化转化为两目标优化问题。结合基于精英保留策略与小生境技术,选择算子主体为并行选择法的改进混合遗传算法和绕空化器无粘流场的CFD分析进行优化求解,流场数值解采用非结构网格显式时间推进Jameson有限体积法解二维欧拉方程得到。基于该算法进行了以空化器阻力系数最小化为目标的优化设计,同文献结果的对比证明:该方法是有效的,并且极大地简化了计算。     

文丘里管空化装置设计与数值模拟

基于总流伯努利方程,以文丘里管喉部局部压力等于相应温度时饱和蒸气压为依据,设计了应用于观测研究空化作用对乳化油废水破乳相关规律的文丘里管空化装置。利用Fluent软件对文丘里管空化装置的流场特性进行了数值模拟。计算表明:文丘里管空化装置能在较大范围产生空化现象,将该装置应用于观测研究空化作用对乳化油废水破乳相关规律,理论上可行。     

喷水推进器空化限制线制定方法

以某典型船用喷水推进器为研究对象,根据其性能曲线和喷水推进理论,归纳出关于制定空化限制线的正、反问题以及制定空化限制线的思路;通过数值模拟与分析,验证了该思路的可行性,并确定了空化限制线制定方法。数值计算结果与试验数据对比表明:建立的数值模型和计算结果是可信的;空化限制线Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ分别对应扬程下降量的1%、2%和20%,证实了空化限制线即为等汽蚀比转速线的结论。根据此方法,可以制定船用喷水推进器的空化限制线,实现其完整推进性能曲线图的绘制,指导喷水推进器的安全运行。     

二维水翼非定常空化流动动力特性的频谱分析

以雷诺平均模拟方程(RANS)为核心,采用RNGk-ε湍流模型与均相流空化模型,对二维水翼附近空化流场进行数值计算。在固定来流速度和空化数条件下,研究了空化形态随着水翼攻角的改变而变化的情况,并采用傅立叶变换(FFT)对水翼升力周期性信号进行了频谱分析。结果表明:水翼的空化形态是由空化数和攻角共同决定的,当空化数不变时,随着攻角的增大,空化程度更加趋于剧烈;在片状空化阶段,升力信号频率为低频信号,并随着攻角增大频率略有降低;在云状空化阶段,升力信号频率为中高频信号,随着攻角增大频率也略有降低;空化形态由片状空化阶段向云状空化阶段转化,在转化过程中存在一个过渡阶段,其升力信号频率在各个频段均具有一定的特征。     

复杂外形导弹出水过程空化流数值计算研究

基于Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型,采用动网格和复合网格技术,提出了一种复杂外形潜射导弹出水过程中空化流数值计算方法。对头肩部、舵面及突起物的空化生成、演化及影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,出水过程初期空化数降低使附体空泡迅速扩大,随后空泡脱落与振荡的影响将更为显著；肩部在15m/s出水时产生空化并随速度上升而迅速增长, - 攻角时肩空化非对称性显现；舵面空化受出水速度影响较小, 攻角以下时空化面积小于全舵面积的10%,但攻角超过 后空化面积迅速增长至50%以上；减小突起物尺寸有利于避免空化产生,突起物空化受攻角影响较小,但在高速下可诱导临近弹体产生空化。     

空化射流实验研究

空化水射流技术是将空化作用引入到高压水射流而形成的一种新型高压水射流技术，在同等条件下，空化射流相对于普通高压水射流具有破碎和切割能力更高的特点。通过数值模拟和实验方法对空化技术进行研究，进行了喷嘴流场的数值模拟计算，设计了空化射流实验装置及空化喷嘴。以生锈铁板为研究对象，分别进行了喷嘴型号、打击时间、入口压力、靶距和扩散段长度的空化射流打击效果对比实验，研究了空化参数对空化效果的影响。实验结果表明角形喷嘴进行淹没射流的空化效果较好，空化射流除锈具有最优打击时间。不同的入口压力对应不同的最佳靶距。     

潜射导弹出水过程空化流数值计算

运用Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型,采用动网格和复合网格技术,提出复杂外形潜射导弹出水过程中空化流数值计算方法。对头肩部、舵面及突起物的空化生成、演化及影响因素进行分析。仿真结果表明:出水过程初期空化数降低使附体空泡迅速扩大,随后对空泡脱落与振荡的影响将更为显著;肩部以15 m/s的速度出水时产生空化并随速度上升而迅速增长,5°~10°攻角时肩空化非对称性显现;舵面空化受出水速度影响较小,攻角小于等于5°时空化面积小于全舵面积的10%,但攻角大于5°后空化面积迅速增长至50%以上;减小突起物尺寸有利于避免空化产生,突起物空化受攻角影响较小,但在高速下可诱导临近弹体产生空化。     

超高压喷射条件下常态燃油的喷嘴内部空化流动特性仿真研究

利用FIRE软件建立了喷油器内部流场的仿真模型并基于超高的燃油喷射压力进行了数值计算,同时分析了喷油器内部气液两相流场的三维流态以及空化流动特性。结果表明:超高的燃油喷射压力更有利于增强空化效应;喷孔出口压力对孔内的空化效应具有抑制作用;在适当范围内增大喷孔直径可以使空化效应更加明显,扩大燃油高流速区域并促进燃油射流的破碎。     

口环间隙对离心泵空化性能的影响

首先,运用Zwart空化模型和湍流粘度修正后的RNG湍流模型对有口环间隙和无口环间隙时离心泵的空化性能进行了数值模拟,研究发现:有/无口环间隙时离心泵的"扬程-有效汽蚀余量"曲线都与实验曲线变化一致,但是有口环间隙时的曲线与实验结果更接近。然后,对前口环间隙分别为0.2mm、0.5mm、0.9mm、1.3mm和1.6mm时离心泵的空化性能进行了数值计算,研究表明:有效汽蚀余量大于等于2.15m时,前口环间隙增大会使叶轮上空化面积减小,对离心泵的空化性能有利;有效汽蚀余量小于等于2.05m时,前口环间隙增大会导致叶轮上空化面积增大,对离心泵的空化性能不利。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.