South Africa's arsenal of terrorism legislation

After only ten years in existence, the African Union (AU) has already made its mark on the landscape of peace and security in Africa. This paper seeks to explore the relationship between the AU's leading collaborative interstate security policy, the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), and sustainable peace in the Horn of Africa. It examines four countries – Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Kenya – and how engaging with the APSA through early warning systems can contribute to developing the elements necessary for sustainable peace, namely regional stability, conflict management, and good governance.     

The market and the military profession: competition and change in the case of Sweden

The rise of private military and security companies (PMSCs) challenges our notion of military professionals. PMSCs bring new claims to professional status and legitimacy outside military institutions and represent an increasing diffusion of - and competition over - military and security expertise. In light of this development, understanding the formation of professional identities in military and private security organisations is as an important undertaking. This paper contributes to this endeavour by analysing professional self-images in the Swedish Armed Forces and how these relate to PMSCs. The study is based on data collected from official documents, semi-structured interviews and a small-scale survey among senior military officers. Focusing on military understandings of PMSCs and contractors, the analysis provides much-needed insight into relational aspects of professional identity formation outside the US context. Furthermore, it points to discrepancies in organisational and group levels in understandings of commercial security actors, and paves the way for future research.     

交互式多模型目标跟踪的研究现状及发展趋势

系统地介绍了交互式多模型算法在机动目标跟踪领域中的发展现状、发展方向及其与数据关联相结合进行目标跟踪的发展趋势.通过分析交互式多模型算法本身存在的问题,指出了一些改进方法的可行性与不足;进一步介绍了数据关联与交互式多模型算法结合进行目标跟踪的发展情况及取得的成果,并对以后与交互式模型相关的研究方向进行了探讨.     

Combining restorative justice and social justice: Prospects of child soldiering transitional justice

ABSTRACT

The most critical challenges faced by war-affected communities where children have allegedly perpetrated atrocities include: finding transitional justice practices that address the needs of former belligerent children and those of victims and their communities; and helping to reintegrate child soldiers into society and avoid returning to hostilities. This paper demonstrates that these challenges can be overcome by taking a holistic approach to child soldiering transitional justice, which assimilates restorative justice and social justice. Such an approach simultaneously addresses child soldiers’ criminal accountability and pursues their psychosocial wellbeing. The findings are based on a selective scholarship supported by fieldwork that was conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo between May and December 2014 in North Kivu province. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and survey questionnaires based on a randomised sample of 282 participants. These included self-demobilised child soldiers, members of war-affected communities, students/learners, educators, local traditional leaders, government officials, child protection lawyers and members of non-governmental organisations.     

有机磷系阻燃剂的研究与应用

有机磷系阻燃剂因其高效、无烟、低毒、无污染等特点，备受研究者关注，在合成和应用等方面取得了显著成就。对近年来国内外有机磷系阻燃剂的合成及应用进展情况作了简要综述，并展望了有机磷系阻燃剂的发展方向。     

Securitising humanitarian assistance and post-conflict reconstruction in Africa: A critical review of South Africa's new defence policy

The South African Defence Review 2014 is the country's new defence policy. The Review, which is expected to steer South African defence policymaking for the next few decades, discusses in detail the role of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) in peace missions in Africa and proposes the direct involvement of the country's soldiers in both military and civilian tasks, from peacekeeping to humanitarian assistance, post-conflict reconstruction and development. This paper contains a critical review of the Review with regard to South Africa's envisaged contribution to regional and continental peace and stability. It is argued that humanitarian assistance and post-conflict reconstruction should not be securitised and that the SANDF should only be tasked with peacekeeping and the establishment of stability and security in fragile in-conflict and post-conflict settings. The humanitarian work should be left to humanitarian and aid agencies, while reconstruction and development should be left to organisations such as the New Partnership for Africa's Development, continental and international development organisations, and local actors.     

论石鲁根植于传统文化的中国画绘画笔墨辨证观

以中国传统文化思想为切入点，从墨色关系、虚实关系和“多少、繁简”关系三个方面探讨石鲁中国画画论中的笔墨观，得出石鲁的笔墨观不但根植于中国传统文化，又融合了唯物辨证法思想和二十世纪中国绘画新成果．由微见著说明石鲁的中国画绘画思想来源于中国传统文化与唯物辨证法及现代绘酒成果的结合。     

脑与认知技术发展综述

脑与认知是利用神经形态计算来模拟生物大脑处理信息的过程,被认为是探究甚至实现人工智能的最直接技术路线,而且可以为人工神经网络研究提供基础导向,因为人类和动物"先天"的结构对其技能和习性有着决定性作用。对近期脑与认知的相关研究与成果进行了综合评述,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。综述表明,类脑仿生研究与应用改进了人工智能系统,重建复杂的大脑皮层神经网与回路是当前研究重点;脉冲神经网络被认为是目前深度神经网络的"继承者";脑机接口技术发展呈现非侵入式趋势,面向语言障碍病患实现语音合成的脑机接口技术成为近期新兴研究方向。     

石油科技成果经济效益评价方法研究

依据石油科技成果的类型、专业类别、经济效益体现形式,计算其经济效益便可形成成千上万个计算公式,这给成果经济效益计算带来较大困难,为此提出了计算石油科技成果经济效益的增量思想、黑箱思想和分解叠加思想,并建立了石油科技成果经济效益计算指标体系,包括4个统计型和4个预测型效益指标,探讨了计算其经济效益的通用数学公式。以及经济效益预测的新模型。经过应用检验。说明文中提出的方法完全可以解决应用型石油科技成果经济效益的计算问题。     

n中取连续k系统

本文是一篇综述性文章,它首先简要介绍了n中取连续k系统的含义,背景及其分类。接着详细论述了各种不同系统10年来的研究成果、进展情况及有待解决的问题,其中谈到了作者对某些遗留问题的看法。     

Increased Chinese and American defence involvement in Africa

There is often a perception put forth of a fight for supremacy between China and the USA. This is often the case when discussing the continent of Africa. Both countries have recently increased their involvement in Africa for a variety of reasons. In 2011, China surpassed the USA as Africa's largest trading partner, with Africa predicted to be Beijing's largest trading partner by 2017. As expected, their bilateral and multilateral defence cooperation with strategic countries and organisations has matured and expanded along with it. Washington's own economic interests, al-Qa'ida and threats to maritime security are some of the crucial elements behind the US's presence on the continent. This article analyses both the USA and China's rising defence involvement in Africa. It compares and contrasts their similarities and differences, and argues that cooperation in certain areas can prove beneficial for all parties involved.     

Developing Civil Society in the Non-state Sphere: Welfare and Rights-based Organisations Associated with Ethnic Armed Groups in Myanmar

Armed groups are usually seen as threats to humanitarian action but less attention has been paid where they provide assistance to constituent populations. Ethnic armed groups (EAGs) in Myanmar have developed associated welfare organisations that perform this role. This article argues this is due to EAG social embeddedness and flexibility to changes in sources of funding and support, and the influence of their relations with international humanitarian organisations. This article further contends a subset of advocacy, health and education organisations have evolved to form a nascent civil society within the political and social non-state sphere of some established EAGs.     

Building Trust in the Mission Area: a Weapon Against Terrorism?

Military units on missions abroad face, among other challenges, terrorism. Terrorists are hard to recognize since they operate non-uniformed. Detection of terrorists in the area of operation can best be done by winning the trust of the local population, who can provide information. However, since the military rotates its units regularly, it is hard to build up a trusting relationship with the local population. Other players in the field of international operations are civil aid organisations. They remain in the area for a lengthy period of time, and often build up trusting relationships with the local population. Trust between civil aid organisations and the military is a triple edged sword, as it enables co-operation: the civil aid organisations get the protection they need from the military, the military gets the information it needs through civil aid organisations and the local population is supported in rebuilding society by repressing terrorism.     

AFRICAN REGIONAL ORGANISATION' PEACE OPERATIONS

This paper reviews recent developments among African regional organisations in undertaking peacekeeping operations, as well as in preparing for future missions. It focuses on those that have been the most active: the Organisation of African Unity/African Union, the Economic Community of West African States and the Southern African Development Community. The paper goes on to briefly describe and analyse the activities of the French, UK, and US capacity-building programmes designed to develop African peacekeeping capacities. The author then identifies some specific concerns and recommends actions to help meet today's challenges. The paper concludes with a short analysis of African organisations' capacities and proclivities to provide a peacekeeping force for Sudan.     

维吾尔史诗《福乐智慧》及其数学思想解读

《福乐智慧》是一部反映古代维吾尔人社会生活的百科全书,广泛地涉及到哲学、政治、法律、军事、伦理、宗教、天文学、数学等领域,其中的数学与数学教育思想尤为丰富。《福乐智慧》探讨了诸如什么是数学,为什么要学习数学,学习什么内容,如何学习数学,以及学习数学对人的一生有什么影响等问题。《福乐智慧》所涉及的数学内容包括算术、几何学、三角、代数,尤其是特别提到了欧几里得的《几何原本》。总结发掘《福乐智慧》的数学教育思想,对于批判继承中华民族的优秀文化成果,让国内其他兄弟民族乃至世界各国客观全面地了解新疆古代维吾尔数学发展史,填补我国数学发展史和中亚数学发展史上的空白等有重要意义。     

建国六十年来国防法制理论研究的基本经验

建国六十年来，我国国防法制理论研究，始终坚持军地结合、基础先行、服务治军和理论创新，取得了令人瞩目的成就，积累了丰富的历史经验。     

军校学报保密工作初探

军校学报是展示前沿军事科研成果和学术成果的窗口,是军事科研工作者进行军事学术交流的桥梁,也是国内外敌对势力窃取我国家秘密的重要目标。只有制定健全的保密规章制度,使保密工作贯穿于编辑出版全过程,才能确保军校学报的信息安全。     

Cultural Conflict within Civil-Military Cooperation: A Case Study in Bosnia

In peace-support operations, employees of international humanitarian organisations often clash with those of the military. A lack of familiarity with each other's practices and values, embedded in their respective organisational cultures, is often seen as the culprit. This article presents and illustrates a road map to manage such cultural differences between cooperating organisations. We found that the military culture, in our Bosnian case study, was seen to operate as a hierarchical culture (characterised by formalisation, stability, predictability and efficiency). The culture of international humanitarian organisations, on the other hand, was depicted as clan-type (characterised by teamwork, participation and consensus). To facilitate the creation of cultural awareness as well as respect for, and reconciliation of, cultural differences we recommend several concrete actions that could improve civil-military cooperation.     

部队政绩观之我见

公安消防部队树立正确的政绩观应处理好五个关系：一是处理好政绩观与发展现的关系；二是处理好对上负责与对下负责的关系；三是处理好对部队负责与对地方负责的关系；四是处理好“显绩”与“潜绩”的关系；五是处理好“自律”与“他律”的关系。     

军队科研机构推进国防知识产权转化运用

军队科研机构作为国家科技创新体系的重要组成部分,承担了大量科技创新任务,产生了许多具有自主知识产权的高水平科技成果,推动军队科研机构国防知识产权转化运用,是贯彻军民融合发展战略的必要途径。分析了军队科研机构国防知识产权转化的现状及制约转化的现实障碍,并结合实际探讨了推进军队科研机构国防知识产权转化的建议举措。