一种双体导弹气动特性数值模拟

双体导弹是一种通过弹翼将2个单体导弹机体连接为一体的特殊构型导弹,因此具有独特的气动特性。基于FLUENT软件采用S-A(Spalart-Allmaras)湍流模型分析了单体导弹和双体导弹在不同马赫数及迎角状态下的气动特性,研究了2种构型的气动特性差异。计算结果表明:双体导弹较单体导弹拥有更优的升力能力,但其所受阻力更大,升阻比下降; 2种构型导弹阻力均随着迎角的增大而减小,且马赫数越大其减小幅度越小。     

旋转弹丸空气动力特性数值解法

为提高在弹道计算和弹丸设计中弹丸空气动力系数精度,采用隐式LU算法求解N S方程并考虑代数湍流模型,在旋转物面边界条件下计算弹丸的阻力、升力、俯仰力矩、滚转阻尼力矩、马格努斯力和力矩。通过对美国T388等弹丸的气动力系数计算并与弹道靶试验数据进行比较,以及对某榴弹的气动力计算结果在弹道计算中进行应用分析,表明用数值模拟得到的旋转弹丸空气动力系数好于以前用工程方法给出的结果。     

一种双圆柱绕流流场及流噪声数值计算方法

为了探究数值计算方法在气动声学计算中的准确性,基于变分原理的Lighthill声类比理论,数值模拟了三维串列双圆柱的气动噪声。为了获得噪声源,采用大涡模拟(LES)求解不可压非定常的流场。计算得到的双圆柱流场特性和声学特性与试验吻合得很好。上游圆柱的涡脱落与下游圆柱抨击引起的特征线谱噪声特性也得到很好的预测。     

五阶HWCNS格式在低速复杂流场中的应用

采用五阶精度显式HWCNS格式求解雷诺平均NS方程，利用多块对接结构网格技术，对30P-30N多段翼型进行网格收敛性研究，在不考虑转捩的情况下采用SA一方程湍流模型研究HWCNS格式与二阶精度MUSCL格式对该翼型压力分布和典型站位速度型的影响，并与实验结果进行对比分析。采用HWCNS格式和SA一方程湍流模型模拟梯形翼高升力构型低速复杂流场，通过对总体气动特性和压力分布的分析，探讨五阶精度显式HWCNS格式在低速复杂外形流动中的应用能力。     

Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型在高超声速气动加热计算中的应用

将AUSM+格式与LU SGS隐式迭代相结合,采用一方程的Spalart Allmaras湍流模型和二阶迎风MUSCL格式,研究了火星"探路者号"实验模型在10马赫来流条件下的气动热问题。采用量热完全和热完全两种气体模型的计算结果与实验数据进行了比较。热完全气体模型模拟的热流分布规律与实验吻合较好,但是对分离区的热流估计过高。在网格合理划分,尤其是满足近壁面的网格分辨率要求的前提下,该方法能够合理反映高超声速流场除分离区以外的气动热特性。     

气动光学效应校正中湍流流场控制方法

控制湍流流场是气动光学效应校正中的重要途径。叙述了湍流流场控制的 3种方法:壁面冷却、吸气和壁面形状的优化。在实际工程应用中,同时考虑这些方法,可以减小气动光学效应的影响。     

高超声速过渡区气动热的DSMC数值模拟研究

气动热是制约高超声速飞行器设计的主要因素之一,当飞行高度大于40 km时流场中存在局部过渡区流动特性,基于分子动力学的DSMC方法是解决高超声速过渡区气动热计算的有效途径之一。针对高超声速飞行器的典型球锥外形,采用DSMC方法开展了过渡区流动气动热特性研究,分析了当流场具有过渡区流动特性时,飞行马赫数和飞行高度对气动热的影响规律,并与Fay-Riddell驻点热流的工程算法作了对比分析。计算结果表明,DSMC方法在高超声速过渡区流动气动热计算中可以得到较好的结果,适用于高超声速过渡区流场气动热的计算与分析。     

基于CFD的两栖车辆水上阻力预测

针对两栖车辆水上阻力难于预测的问题,研究了基于计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)的外流场数值计算方法,提出结合车辆水上运动模型预测车辆高速航行时水上阻力的方法,分析了外流场数值计算中数学模型、定解条件、两相流模型以及流场网格划分和边界条件处理方法等问题;通过修改刚体空间运动方程,构建了两栖车辆水上运动模型,实现了引入车辆水上运动模型的两栖车辆水上绕流场计算.试验结果表明:基于CFD的两栖车辆水上阻力预测方法具有良好的预测精度.     

低速大雷诺数混合飞艇气动性能分析

针对混合飞艇体积巨大同时气动外形复杂使得现有条件的风洞试验很难精确测量其气动性能的问题,开展了适用于混合飞艇气动性能分析的计算流体力学(CFD)的数值分析方法研究。考虑混合飞艇低速大雷诺数的特点,将变分多尺度方法 (VMS)与动态Smagorinsky大涡模拟(LES)模型相结合,提出了组合的VMSLES湍流模型。将基于RANS方法和LES方法的其他三种湍流模型相对比,利用雷诺数相近、实验数据丰富的6:1长椭球飞艇对不同的湍流模型进行了对比验证。结果显示LES方法预测结果与实验结果吻合较好,优于RANS方法,并能显示更多流动细节,而组合的VMS-LES模型能够更精确地捕获实验研究中观察到的二次涡。利用组合的VMS-LES模型对有翼HAV与多囊瓣HAV进行了气动性能分析,并研究了不同部件对飞艇气动特性的影响。结果表明,由于尾翼表面产生的一次涡与二次涡相互作用,尾翼在增加气动升力的同时也增加了阻力。     

考虑航行姿态的船模阻力及流场数值预报

为精确得到船模阻力及流场,研究了网格划分、湍流模型及船模姿态对预报结果的影响。首先,采用切割体网格技术及棱柱层网格技术划分了多套网格,研究网格尺寸大小及棱柱层参数对阻力、兴波及伴流场的影响;然后,比较了三种不同湍流模型在船模阻力及伴流场预报中的差异;最后,基于合理的网格划分及湍流模型,采用DFBI的方法预报了船模在不同航速下的姿态及阻力。计算结果表明:当Fr0.25时,不考虑航行姿态时阻力计算误差可达到18.3%。考虑航行姿态变化后,阻力计算误差小于3%;升沉和纵倾的计算值和试验值吻合较好。由此证明:采用DFBI方法考虑船体航行姿态的变化避免了网格变形或者重构,具有较好的收敛性和计算精度。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.